# Human-AI Collaboration: The Effect of AI Delegation on Human Task Performance and Task Satisfaction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09224 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09224/

## Key facts

- Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 30 of its 81 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 30)

- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Densely Connected Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.06993/) (2016)
- [Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.01852/) (2015)
- [CheXpert: A Large Chest Radiograph Dataset with Uncertainty Labels and Expert Comparison](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.07031/) (2019)
- [Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.14779/) (2020)
- [Effect of Confidence and Explanation on Accuracy and Trust Calibration in AI-Assisted Decision Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.02114/) (2020)
- [Consistent Estimators for Learning to Defer to an Expert](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.01862/) (2020)
- [Partial success in closing the gap between human and machine vision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07411/) (2021)
- [On Human Predictions with Explanations and Predictions of Machine Learning Models: A Case Study on Deception Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.07901/) (2018)
- [Proxy Tasks and Subjective Measures Can Be Misleading in Evaluating Explainable AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08298/) (2020)
- [Learning to Complement Humans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.00582/) (2020)
- [To Trust or to Think: Cognitive Forcing Functions Can Reduce Overreliance on AI in AI-assisted Decision-making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09692/) (2021)
- [The Algorithmic Automation Problem: Prediction, Triage, and Human Effort](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.12220/) (2019)
- [The effectiveness of feature attribution methods and its correlation with automatic evaluation scores](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.14944/) (2021)
- ["Why is 'Chicago' deceptive?" Towards Building Model-Driven Tutorials for Humans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.05871/) (2020)
- [Differentiable Learning Under Triage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.08902/) (2021)
- [Towards Unbiased and Accurate Deferral to Multiple Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.13004/) (2021)
- [Human-AI Collaboration via Conditional Delegation: A Case Study of Content Moderation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.11788/) (2022)
- [Deciding Fast and Slow: The Role of Cognitive Biases in AI-assisted Decision-making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.07938/) (2020)
- [What can AI do for me: Evaluating Machine Learning Interpretations in Cooperative Play](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.09648/) (2018)
- [Does Explainable Artificial Intelligence Improve Human Decision-Making?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11194/) (2020)
- [Combining Human Predictions with Model Probabilities via Confusion Matrices and Calibration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.14591/) (2021)
- [Forming Effective Human-AI Teams: Building Machine Learning Models that Complement the Capabilities of Multiple Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.07948/) (2022)
- [Role of Human-AI Interaction in Selective Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.06751/) (2021)
- [The Role of Domain Expertise in User Trust and the Impact of First Impressions with Intelligent Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.09100/) (2020)
- [A Meta-Analysis of the Utility of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Human-AI Decision-Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.05126/) (2022)
- [Should I Follow AI-based Advice? Measuring Appropriate Reliance in Human-AI Decision-Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06916/) (2022)
- [Increasing the Speed and Accuracy of Data LabelingThrough an AI Assisted Interface](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04122/) (2021)
- [On the Effect of Information Asymmetry in Human-AI Teams](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01467/) (2022)
- [Human-AI Collaboration in Decision-Making: Beyond Learning to Defer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.13202/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [Plan-Then-Execute: An Empirical Study of User Trust and Team Performance When Using LLM Agents As A Daily Assistant](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.01390/) (2025)
- [In Search of Verifiability: Explanations Rarely Enable Complementary Performance in AI-Advised Decision Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07722/) (2023)
- [Training Proactive and Personalized LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.02208/) (2025)
- [AI-Augmented Predictions: LLM Assistants Improve Human Forecasting Accuracy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.07862/) (2024)
- [Human-AI collaboration is not very collaborative yet: A taxonomy of interaction patterns in AI-assisted decision making from a systematic review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.19778/) (2023)
- [Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.09264/) (2024)
- [Intelligent AI Delegation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11865/) (2026)
- [Interactive Speculative Planning: Enhance Agent Efficiency through Co-design of System and User Interface](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.00079/) (2024)
- [Learning Personalized Decision Support Policies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.06701/) (2023)
- [A Causal Framework for Evaluating Deferring Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18902/) (2024)
- [CentaurEval: Benchmarking Human-in-the-Loop Value in Agentic Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.04111/) (2025)
- [CREW: Facilitating Human-AI Teaming Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.00170/) (2024)
- [Don't be Fooled: The Misinformation Effect of Explanations in Human-AI Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.12809/) (2024)
- [AI, Meet Human: Learning Paradigms for Hybrid Decision Making Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.06287/) (2024)
- [A Survey on Human-AI Collaboration with Large Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04931/) (2024)
- [Measuring Human Contribution in AI-Assisted Content Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.14792/) (2024)
- [Human Delegation Behavior in Human-AI Collaboration: The Effect of Contextual Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.04729/) (2024)
- [Beyond Recommender: An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Different AI Roles in AI-Assisted Decision Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.01791/) (2024)
- [Social physics in the age of artificial intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.16900/) (2026)
- [Towards Uncertainty Aware Task Delegation and Human-AI Collaborative Decision-Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18066/) (2025)
- [Beyond Recommendations: From Backward to Forward AI Support of Pilots' Decision-Making Process](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.08959/) (2024)
- [Human-AI Complementarity: A Goal for Amplified Oversight](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.26518/) (2025)
- [Adaptive Human-Agent Teaming: A Review of Empirical Studies from the Process Dynamics Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10918/) (2025)
- [Understanding Critical Thinking in Generative Artificial Intelligence Use: Development, Validation, and Correlates of the Critical Thinking in AI Use Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.12413/) (2025)
- [Choose Your Agent: Tradeoffs in Adopting AI Advisors, Coaches, and Delegates in Multi-Party Negotiation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.12089/) (2026)
- [Delegation and Verification Under AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.02961/) (2026)
- [Trust Your Gut: Comparing Human and Machine Inference from Noisy Visualizations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.16871/) (2024)
- [Person-AI Bidirectional Fit - A Proof-Of-Concept Case Study Of Augmented Human-Ai Symbiosis In Management Decision-Making Process](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.13670/) (2025)
- [Words to Describe What I'm Feeling: Exploring the Potential of AI Agents for High Subjectivity Decisions in Advance Care Planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.11276/) (2025)
- [AI in the Workplace: The Impact of AI on Perceived Job Decency and Meaningfulness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.28680/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent work has proposed artificial intelligence (AI) models that can learn to decide whether to make a prediction for an instance of a task or to delegate it to a human by considering both parties' capabilities. In simulations with synthetically generated or context-independent human predictions, delegation can help improve the performance of human-AI teams -- compared to humans or the AI model completing the task alone. However, so far, it remains unclear how humans perform and how they perceive the task when they are aware that an AI model delegated task instances to them. In an experimental study with 196 participants, we show that task performance and task satisfaction improve through AI delegation, regardless of whether humans are aware of the delegation. Additionally, we identify humans' increased levels of self-efficacy as the underlying mechanism for these improvements in performance and satisfaction. Our findings provide initial evidence that allowing AI models to take over more management responsibilities can be an effective form of human-AI collaboration in workplaces.