# Gated Compression Layers for Efficient Always-On Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08970 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08970/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 43 of its 50 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 43)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.02531/) (2015)
- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.11946/) (2019)
- [MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.04381/) (2018)
- [Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07747/) (2017)
- [Going Deeper with Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4842/) (2014)
- [MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.04861/) (2017)
- [Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05431/) (2016)
- [Deep Compression: Compressing Deep Neural Networks with Pruning, Trained Quantization and Huffman Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.00149/) (2015)
- [Estimating or Propagating Gradients Through Stochastic Neurons for Conditional Computation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1308.3432/) (2013)
- [Searching for MobileNetV3](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.02244/) (2019)
- [ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.01083/) (2017)
- [Mixed Precision Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.03740/) (2017)
- [SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and <0.5MB model size](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.07360/) (2016)
- [MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobile](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.11626/) (2018)
- [Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.03209/) (2018)
- [BranchyNet: Fast Inference via Early Exiting from Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01686/) (2017)
- [Learning Structured Sparsity in Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.03665/) (2016)
- [HAQ: Hardware-Aware Automated Quantization with Mixed Precision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.08886/) (2018)
- [Variational Dropout Sparsifies Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.05369/) (2017)
- [Understanding Straight-Through Estimator in Training Activation Quantized Neural Nets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.05662/) (2019)
- [Compressing Deep Convolutional Networks using Vector Quantization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6115/) (2014)
- [TensorFlow Lite Micro: Embedded Machine Learning on TinyML Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08678/) (2020)
- [Training Deep Neural Networks with 8-bit Floating Point Numbers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.08011/) (2018)
- [Compressing Neural Networks with the Hashing Trick](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1504.04788/) (2015)
- [CondenseNet: An Efficient DenseNet using Learned Group Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.09224/) (2017)
- [Distributed Deep Neural Networks over the Cloud, the Edge and End Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01921/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Dynamic Switch Layers For Unsupervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.04405/) (2024)
- [Enhancing User Experience in On-Device Machine Learning with Gated Compression Layers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.01739/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Mobile and embedded machine learning developers frequently have to compromise between two inferior on-device deployment strategies: sacrifice accuracy and aggressively shrink their models to run on dedicated low-power cores; or sacrifice battery by running larger models on more powerful compute cores such as neural processing units or the main application processor. In this paper, we propose a novel Gated Compression layer that can be applied to transform existing neural network architectures into Gated Neural Networks. Gated Neural Networks have multiple properties that excel for on-device use cases that help significantly reduce power, boost accuracy, and take advantage of heterogeneous compute cores. We provide results across five public image and audio datasets that demonstrate the proposed Gated Compression layer effectively stops up to 96% of negative samples, compresses 97% of positive samples, while maintaining or improving model accuracy.