# Thinking Upstream: Ethics and Policy Opportunities in AI Supply Chains

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07529 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.07529/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [The 2025 Foundation Model Transparency Index](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.10169/) (2025)
- [The Ethics of AI Value Chains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.16787/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

After children were pictured sewing its running shoes in the early 1990s, Nike at first disavowed the "working conditions in its suppliers' factories", before public pressure led them to take responsibility for ethics in their upstream supply chain. In 2023, OpenAI responded to criticism that Kenyan workers were paid less than 2 per hour to filter traumatic content from its ChatGPT model by stating in part that it had outsourced the work to a subcontractor, who managed workers' payment and mental health concerns. In this position paper, we argue that policy interventions for AI Ethics must consider AI as a supply chain problem, given how the political economy and intra-firm relations structure AI production, in particular examining opportunities upstream.