# Intelligent diagnostic scheme for lung cancer screening with Raman spectra data by tensor network machine learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06340 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.06340/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 50 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Explaining Explanations: An Overview of Interpretability of Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.00069/) (2018)
- [Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.08987/) (2017)
- [Visual Interpretability for Deep Learning: a Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.00614/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Generative Modeling Using Matrix Product States](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01662/) (2017)
- [Tree Tensor Networks for Generative Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.02217/) (2019)
- [Machine Learning by Unitary Tensor Network of Hierarchical Tree Structure](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.04833/) (2017)
- [Anomaly Detection with Tensor Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.02516/) (2020)
- [Generative Tensor Network Classification Model for Supervised Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.10742/) (2019)
- [Generative modeling with projected entangled-pair states](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08177/) (2022)
- [Entanglement-guided architectures of machine learning by quantum tensor network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.09111/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Recognition of Informative Features via Tensor Network Machine Learning and Quantum Entanglement Variations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.06031/) (2022)
- [Non-parametric Semi-Supervised Learning in Many-body Hilbert Space with Rescaled Logarithmic Fidelity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00195/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Artificial intelligence (AI) has brought tremendous impacts on biomedical sciences from academic researches to clinical applications, such as in biomarkers' detection and diagnosis, optimization of treatment, and identification of new therapeutic targets in drug discovery. However, the contemporary AI technologies, particularly deep machine learning (ML), severely suffer from non-interpretability, which might uncontrollably lead to incorrect predictions. Interpretability is particularly crucial to ML for clinical diagnosis as the consumers must gain necessary sense of security and trust from firm grounds or convincing interpretations. In this work, we propose a tensor-network (TN)-ML method to reliably predict lung cancer patients and their stages via screening Raman spectra data of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, which are generally suitable as biomarkers and are considered to be an ideal way for non-invasive lung cancer screening. The prediction of TN-ML is based on the mutual distances of the breath samples mapped to the quantum Hilbert space. Thanks to the quantum probabilistic interpretation, the certainty of the predictions can be quantitatively characterized. The accuracy of the samples with high certainty is almost 100%. The incorrectly-classified samples exhibit obviously lower certainty, and thus can be decipherably identified as anomalies, which will be handled by human experts to guarantee high reliability. Our work sheds light on shifting the ``AI for biomedical sciences'' from the conventional non-interpretable ML schemes to the interpretable human-ML interactive approaches, for the purpose of high accuracy and reliability.