# Finding Things in the Unknown: Semantic Object-Centric Exploration with an MAV

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14569 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.14569/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [FrontierNet: Learning Visual Cues to Explore](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.04597/) (2025)
- [FindAnything: Open-Vocabulary and Object-Centric Mapping for Robot Exploration in Any Environment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.08603/) (2025)
- [SINGER: An Onboard Generalist Vision-Language Navigation Policy for Drones](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.18610/) (2025)
- [Toward General Object-level Mapping from Sparse Views with 3D Diffusion Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05514/) (2024)
- [STAIR: Semantic-Targeted Active Implicit Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.11233/) (2024)
- [Semantic Exploration and Dense Mapping of Complex Environments using Ground Robot with Panoramic LiDAR-Camera Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22880/) (2025)
- [R2F: Repurposing Ray Frontiers for LLM-free Object Navigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.08475/) (2026)
- [Semantic-Aware Guided Drone Exploration for Language-Conditioned 3D Indoor Mapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.23160/) (2026)
- [Beyond Frontiers: Scene-Anomaly Guided Autonomous Exploration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.15828/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Exploration of unknown space with an autonomous mobile robot is a well-studied problem. In this work we broaden the scope of exploration, moving beyond the pure geometric goal of uncovering as much free space as possible. We believe that for many practical applications, exploration should be contextualised with semantic and object-level understanding of the environment for task-specific exploration. Here, we study the task of both finding specific objects in unknown space as well as reconstructing them to a target level of detail. We therefore extend our environment reconstruction to not only consist of a background map, but also object-level and semantically fused submaps. Importantly, we adapt our previous objective function of uncovering as much free space as possible in as little time as possible with two additional elements: first, we require a maximum observation distance of background surfaces to ensure target objects are not missed by image-based detectors because they are too small to be detected. Second, we require an even smaller maximum distance to the found objects in order to reconstruct them with the desired accuracy. We further created a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) semantic exploration simulator based on Habitat in order to quantitatively demonstrate how our framework can be used to efficiently find specific objects as part of exploration. Finally, we showcase this capability can be deployed in real-world scenes involving our drone equipped with an Intel RealSense D455 RGB-D camera.