# Master's Thesis: Out-of-distribution Detection with Energy-based Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12002 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.12002/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 61 of its 113 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Jan 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 61)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.01703/) (2019)
- [Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6572/) (2014)
- [Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.06083/) (2017)
- [PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.00593/) (2016)
- [On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.04599/) (2017)
- [Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02142/) (2015)
- [Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07747/) (2017)
- [Simple and Scalable Predictive Uncertainty Estimation using Deep Ensembles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.01474/) (2016)
- [Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.7766/) (2014)
- [Wide Residual Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.07146/) (2016)
- [Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Perturbations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.12261/) (2019)
- [A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02136/) (2016)
- [Variational Inference with Normalizing Flows](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.05770/) (2015)
- [Density estimation using Real NVP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.08803/) (2016)
- [Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.05957/) (2018)
- [Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03039/) (2018)
- [A Simple Unified Framework for Detecting Out-of-Distribution Samples and Adversarial Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03888/) (2018)
- [LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loop](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.03365/) (2015)
- [Enhancing The Reliability of Out-of-distribution Image Detection in Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02690/) (2017)
- [Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.03759/) (2020)
- [NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1410.8516/) (2014)
- [Deep Anomaly Detection with Outlier Exposure](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.04606/) (2018)
- [Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.04934/) (2016)
- [A Simple Baseline for Bayesian Uncertainty in Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.02476/) (2019)
- [Predictive Uncertainty Estimation via Prior Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.10501/) (2018)
- [Likelihood Ratios for Out-of-Distribution Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02845/) (2019)
- [Do Deep Generative Models Know What They Don't Know?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.09136/) (2018)
- [A Unifying Review of Deep and Shallow Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.11732/) (2020)
- [Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01718/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Managing the unknown: a survey on Open Set Recognition and tangential areas](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.08785/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Today, deep learning is increasingly applied in security-critical situations such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis. Despite its success, the behavior and robustness of deep networks are not fully understood yet, posing a significant risk. In particular, researchers recently found that neural networks are overly confident in their predictions, even on data they have never seen before. To tackle this issue, one can differentiate two approaches in the literature. One accounts for uncertainty in the predictions, while the second estimates the underlying density of the training data to decide whether a given input is close to the training data, and thus the network is able to perform as expected.In this thesis, we investigate the capabilities of EBMs at the task of fitting the training data distribution to perform detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. We find that on most datasets, EBMs do not inherently outperform other density estimators at detecting OOD data despite their flexibility. Thus, we additionally investigate the effects of supervision, dimensionality reduction, and architectural modifications on the performance of EBMs. Further, we propose Energy-Prior Network (EPN) which enables estimation of various uncertainties within an EBM for classification, bridging the gap between two approaches for tackling the OOD detection problem. We identify a connection between the concentration parameters of the Dirichlet distribution and the joint energy in an EBM. Additionally, this allows optimization without a held-out OOD dataset, which might not be available or costly to collect in some applications. Finally, we empirically demonstrate that Energy-Prior Network (EPN) is able to detect OOD inputs, datasets shifts, and adversarial examples. Theoretically, EPN offers favorable properties for the asymptotic case when inputs are far from the training data.