# KG-BERTScore: Incorporating Knowledge Graph into BERTScore for Reference-Free Machine Translation Evaluation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12699 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12699/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 10 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02116/) (2019)
- [BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04696/) (2020)
- [A Unified Generative Framework for Various NER Subtasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01223/) (2021)
- [Multilingual Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Cross-lingual Knowledge Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.03954/) (2016)
- [TransQuest: Translation Quality Estimation with Cross-lingual Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.01536/) (2020)
- [OpenKiwi: An Open Source Framework for Quality Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.08646/) (2019)
- [KoBE: Knowledge-Based Machine Translation Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.11027/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [MT-Ranker: Reference-free machine translation evaluation by inter-system ranking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.17099/) (2024)
- [BLEU Meets COMET: Combining Lexical and Neural Metrics Towards Robust Machine Translation Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.19144/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

BERTScore is an effective and robust automatic metric for referencebased machine translation evaluation. In this paper, we incorporate multilingual knowledge graph into BERTScore and propose a metric named KG-BERTScore, which linearly combines the results of BERTScore and bilingual named entity matching for reference-free machine translation evaluation. From the experimental results on WMT19 QE as a metric without references shared tasks, our metric KG-BERTScore gets higher overall correlation with human judgements than the current state-of-the-art metrics for reference-free machine translation evaluation.1 Moreover, the pre-trained multilingual model used by KG-BERTScore and the parameter for linear combination are also studied in this paper.