# ViHOS: Hate Speech Spans Detection for Vietnamese

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.10186 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.10186/

## Key facts

- Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 22 of its 49 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Jan 2023.

## Builds on (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02116/) (2019)
- [A Primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT works](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.12327/) (2020)
- [Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04009/) (2017)
- [Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.01360/) (2016)
- [HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.10289/) (2020)
- [Nuanced Metrics for Measuring Unintended Bias with Real Data for Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.04561/) (2019)
- [Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.09666/) (2019)
- [Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.00393/) (2018)
- [PhoBERT: Pre-trained language models for Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.00744/) (2020)
- [SemEval-2020 Task 12: Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval 2020)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.07235/) (2020)
- [VnCoreNLP: A Vietnamese Natural Language Processing Toolkit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.01331/) (2018)
- [A Pilot Study of Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsing for Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.01891/) (2020)
- [Arabic Offensive Language on Twitter: Analysis and Experiments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02192/) (2020)
- [A Large-scale Dataset for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11528/) (2021)
- [COVID-19 Named Entity Recognition for Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03879/) (2021)
- [Constructive and Toxic Speech Detection for Open-domain Social Media Comments in Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.10069/) (2021)
- [LightTag: Text Annotation Platform](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.02320/) (2021)
- [A Dictionary-based Approach to Racism Detection in Dutch Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.08738/) (2016)
- [HSD Shared Task in VLSP Campaign 2019:Hate Speech Detection for Social Good](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.06493/) (2020)
- [NLRG at SemEval-2021 Task 5: Toxic Spans Detection Leveraging BERT-based Token Classification and Span Prediction Techniques](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12254/) (2021)
- [MIPT-NSU-UTMN at SemEval-2021 Task 5: Ensembling Learning with Pre-trained Language Models for Toxic Spans Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04739/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [ViSoBERT: A Pre-Trained Language Model for Vietnamese Social Media Text Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11166/) (2023)
- [VLUE: A New Benchmark and Multi-task Knowledge Transfer Learning for Vietnamese Natural Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15882/) (2024)
- [ViTextVQA: A Large-Scale Visual Question Answering Dataset and a Novel Multimodal Feature Fusion Method for Vietnamese Text Comprehension in Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.10652/) (2024)
- [ViHateT5: Enhancing Hate Speech Detection in Vietnamese With A Unified Text-to-Text Transformer Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.14141/) (2024)
- [Coreference Resolution for Vietnamese Narrative Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.19606/) (2025)
- [Overview of the HASOC Subtrack at FIRE 2023: Identification of Tokens Contributing to Explicit Hate in English by Span Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.09834/) (2023)
- [A Weakly Supervised Data Labeling Framework for Machine Lexical Normalization in Vietnamese Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.20467/) (2024)
- [VietMix: A Naturally-Occurring Parallel Corpus and Augmentation Framework for Vietnamese-English Code-Mixed Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24472/) (2025)
- [Abusive Span Detection for Vietnamese Narrative Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07831/) (2023)
- [ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.19252/) (2024)
- [A Multi-Labeled Dataset for Indonesian Discourse: Examining Toxicity, Polarization, and Demographics Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.00417/) (2025)
- [ViToSA: Audio-Based Toxic Spans Detection on Vietnamese Speech Utterances](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.00636/) (2025)
- [Hate Speech Detection in Turkish and Arabic: A Comprehensive Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.00143/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The rise in hateful and offensive language directed at other users is one of the adverse side effects of the increased use of social networking platforms. This could make it difficult for human moderators to review tagged comments filtered by classification systems. To help address this issue, we present the ViHOS (Vietnamese Hate and Offensive Spans) dataset, the first human-annotated corpus containing 26k spans on 11k comments. We also provide definitions of hateful and offensive spans in Vietnamese comments as well as detailed annotation guidelines. Besides, we conduct experiments with various state-of-the-art models. Specifically, XLM-RLarge achieved the best F1-scores in Single span detection and All spans detection, while PhoBERTLarge obtained the highest in Multiple spans detection. Finally, our error analysis demonstrates the difficulties in detecting specific types of spans in our data for future research. Disclaimer: This paper contains real comments that could be considered profane, offensive, or abusive.