# From Isolation to Collaboration: Federated Class-Heterogeneous Learning for Chest X-Ray Classification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.06683 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.06683/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [CARL-CXR: Continual Adapter-Based Routing for Task-Unknown Chest Radiograph Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.15811/) (2026)
- [Federated LoRA Adaptation of BiomedCLIP Across Four International Chest X-Ray Cohorts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.02101/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Federated learning (FL) is a promising paradigm to collaboratively train a global chest x-ray (CXR) classification model using distributed datasets while preserving patient privacy. A significant, yet relatively underexplored, challenge in FL is class-heterogeneity, where clients have different sets of classes. We propose surgical aggregation, a FL method that uses selective aggregation to collaboratively train a global model using distributed, class-heterogeneous datasets. Unlike other methods, our method does not rely on the assumption that clients share the same classes as other clients, know the classes of other clients, or have access to a fully annotated dataset. We evaluate surgical aggregation using class-heterogeneous CXR datasets across IID and non-IID settings. Our results show that our method outperforms current methods and has better generalizability.