# Energy Efficient Extreme MIMO: Design Goals and Directions

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.01119 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.01119/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 3 Jan 2023.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [OpenDPD: An Open-Source End-to-End Learning & Benchmarking Framework for Wideband Power Amplifier Modeling and Digital Pre-Distortion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.08318/) (2024)
- [MP-DPD: Low-Complexity Mixed-Precision Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Digital Predistortion of Wideband Power Amplifiers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.15364/) (2024)
- [DeltaDPD: Exploiting Dynamic Temporal Sparsity in Recurrent Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Wideband Digital Predistortion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.06250/) (2025)
- [OpenDPDv2: A Unified Learning and Optimization Framework for Neural Network Digital Predistortion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.06849/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Ever since the invention of Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) in mid 1990s, the focus of MIMO research and development has been largely on pushing the limit of spectral efficiency. While massive MIMO technologies laid the foundation of high spectrum efficiency in 5G and beyond, the challenge remains in improving energy efficiency given the increasing complexity of the associated radio systems. With the substantial negative implications of climate change looming ever closer, minimizing energy use is a key dimension of achieving sustainability and is of paramount importance for any future technology. Thus, every aspect of future extreme MIMO system design, implementation, and operation will be scrutinized to maximize energy efficiency. An analysis of the massive MIMO 5G radio energy consumption at different loads leads to qualitative energy efficiency design goals for emerging extreme MIMO systems. Following this, we focus on novel operational and component technology innovations to minimize energy consumption.