# There's Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-scale Machines

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10675 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.10675/

## Key facts

- Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 12 of 12)

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- [The whack-a-mole governance challenge for AI-enabled synthetic biology: literature review and emerging frameworks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00312/) (2024)
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- [Computational Natural Philosophy: A Thread from Presocratics through Turing to ChatGPT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.13094/) (2023)
- [Gradient-based Design of Computational Granular Crystals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.04825/) (2024)
- [What the F*ck Is Artificial General Intelligence?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.23923/) (2025)
- [A Mind Cannot Be Smeared Across Time](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.11620/) (2026)
- [On Growth and Form, and Function: Reusable Regulatory Handles Control Phenotypic Variation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.29755/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The applicability of computational models to the biological world is an active topic of debate. We argue that a useful path forward results from abandoning hard boundaries between categories and adopting an observer-dependent, pragmatic view. Such a view dissolves the contingent dichotomies driven by human cognitive biases (e.g., tendency to oversimplify) and prior technological limitations in favor of a more continuous, gradualist view necessitated by the study of evolution, developmental biology, and intelligent machines. Efforts to re-shape living systems for biomedical or bioengineering purposes require prediction and control of their function at multiple scales. This is challenging for many reasons, one of which is that living systems perform multiple functions in the same place at the same time. We refer to this as "polycomputing" - the ability of the same substrate to simultaneously compute different things. This ability is an important way in which living things are a kind of computer, but not the familiar, linear, deterministic kind; rather, living things are computers in the broad sense of computational materials as reported in the rapidly-growing physical computing literature. We argue that an observer-centered framework for the computations performed by evolved and designed systems will improve the understanding of meso-scale events, as it has already done at quantum and relativistic scales. Here, we review examples of biological and technological polycomputing, and develop the idea that overloading of different functions on the same hardware is an important design principle that helps understand and build both evolved and designed systems. Learning to hack existing polycomputing substrates, as well as evolve and design new ones, will have massive impacts on regenerative medicine, robotics, and computer engineering.