# Predicting Energy Consumption of Ground Robots On Uneven Terrains

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06393 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.06393/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 Dec 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Motion planning for off-road autonomous driving based on human-like cognition and weight adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.17820/) (2024)
- [QuasiNav: Asymmetric Cost-Aware Navigation Planning with Constrained Quasimetric Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.16666/) (2024)
- [Leveraging Energy Features for Surface Classification with Deep Learning: A Comparative Analysis Across Three Independent Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.18698/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Optimizing energy consumption for robot navigation in fields requires energy-cost maps. However, obtaining such a map is still challenging, especially for large, uneven terrains. Physics-based energy models work for uniform, flat surfaces but do not generalize well to these terrains. Furthermore, slopes make the energy consumption at every location directional and add to the complexity of data collection and energy prediction. In this paper, we address these challenges in a data-driven manner. We consider a function which takes terrain geometry and robot motion direction as input and outputs expected energy consumption. The function is represented as a ResNet-based neural network whose parameters are learned from field-collected data. The prediction accuracy of our method is within 12% of the ground truth in our test environments that are unseen during training. We compare our method to a baseline method in the literature: a method using a basic physics-based model. We demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms it by more than 10% measured by the prediction error. More importantly, our method generalizes better when applied to test data from new environments with various slope angles and navigation directions.