# Automating Cobb Angle Measurement for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis using Instance Segmentation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.14122 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14122/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 26 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.0312/) (2014)
- [SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.02325/) (2015)
- [YOLACT: Real-time Instance Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.02689/) (2019)
- [Vertebra-Focused Landmark Detection for Scoliosis Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.03187/) (2020)
- [Automatic Cobb Angle Detection using Vertebra Detector and Vertebra Corners Regression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.14202/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [CurvNet: Latent Contour Representation and Iterative Data Engine for Curvature Angle Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.12604/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, most often diagnosed in childhood. It affects 2-3% of the population, which is approximately seven million people in North America. Currently, the reference standard for assessing scoliosis is based on the manual assignment of Cobb angles at the site of the curvature center. This manual process is time consuming and unreliable as it is affected by inter- and intra-observer variance. To overcome these inaccuracies, machine learning (ML) methods can be used to automate the Cobb angle measurement process. This paper proposes to address the Cobb angle measurement task using YOLACT, an instance segmentation model. The proposed method first segments the vertebrae in an X-Ray image using YOLACT, then it tracks the important landmarks using the minimum bounding box approach. Lastly, the extracted landmarks are used to calculate the corresponding Cobb angles. The model achieved a Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) score of 10.76%, demonstrating the reliability of this process in both vertebra localization and Cobb angle measurement.