# Imputation of Missing Streamflow Data at Multiple Gauging Stations in Benin Republic

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11576 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.11576/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 2 of its 34 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [NeuralHydrology -- Interpreting LSTMs in Hydrology](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.07903/) (2019)
- [Bias correction in daily maximum and minimum temperature measurements through Gaussian process modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10214/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Data-driven Lake Water Quality Forecasting for Time Series with Missing Data using Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.15503/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Streamflow observation data is vital for flood monitoring, agricultural, and settlement planning. However, such streamflow data are commonly plagued with missing observations due to various causes such as harsh environmental conditions and constrained operational resources. This problem is often more pervasive in under-resourced areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa. In this work, we reconstruct streamflow time series data through bias correction of the GEOGloWS ECMWF streamflow service (GESS) forecasts at ten river gauging stations in Benin Republic. We perform bias correction by fitting Quantile Mapping, Gaussian Process, and Elastic Net regression in a constrained training period. We show by simulating missingness in a testing period that GESS forecasts have a significant bias that results in low predictive skill over the ten Beninese stations. Our findings suggest that overall bias correction by Elastic Net and Gaussian Process regression achieves superior skill relative to traditional imputation by Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbour, and GESS lookup. The findings of this work provide a basis for integrating global GESS streamflow data into operational early-warning decision-making systems (e.g., flood alert) in countries vulnerable to drought and flooding due to extreme weather events.