# YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.07131 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.07131/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 46 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.02860/) (2019)
- [A Structured Self-attentive Sentence Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.03130/) (2017)
- [Enabling Factorized Piano Music Modeling and Generation with the MAESTRO Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.12247/) (2018)
- [MuseGAN: Multi-track Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks for Symbolic Music Generation and Accompaniment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.06298/) (2017)
- [Compound Word Transformer: Learning to Compose Full-Song Music over Dynamic Directed Hypergraphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.02402/) (2021)
- [MusicBERT: Symbolic Music Understanding with Large-Scale Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.05630/) (2021)
- [POP909: A Pop-song Dataset for Music Arrangement Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.07142/) (2020)
- [PopMAG: Pop Music Accompaniment Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.07703/) (2020)
- [A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Music Generation: Multi-level Representations, Algorithms, Evaluations, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.06801/) (2020)
- [LakhNES: Improving multi-instrumental music generation with cross-domain pre-training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.04868/) (2019)
- [The Jazz Transformer on the Front Line: Exploring the Shortcomings of AI-composed Music through Quantitative Measures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.01307/) (2020)
- [EMOPIA: A Multi-Modal Pop Piano Dataset For Emotion Recognition and Emotion-based Music Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.01374/) (2021)
- [MMM : Exploring Conditional Multi-Track Music Generation with the Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.06048/) (2020)
- [Evaluation of CNN-based Automatic Music Tagging Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.00751/) (2020)
- [GiantMIDI-Piano: A large-scale MIDI dataset for classical piano music](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.07061/) (2020)
- [Symphony Generation with Permutation Invariant Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.05448/) (2022)
- [Learning to Generate Music With Sentiment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.06125/) (2021)
- [PiRhDy: Learning Pitch-, Rhythm-, and Dynamics-aware Embeddings for Symbolic Music](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08091/) (2020)
- [Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks with Binary Neurons for Polyphonic Music Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.09399/) (2018)
- [DadaGP: A Dataset of Tokenized GuitarPro Songs for Sequence Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.14653/) (2021)
- [The NES Music Database: A multi-instrumental dataset with expressive performance attributes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.04278/) (2018)
- [MIDI-Sandwich2: RNN-based Hierarchical Multi-modal Fusion Generation VAE networks for multi-track symbolic music generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.03522/) (2019)
- [MIDI-Sandwich: Multi-model Multi-task Hierarchical Conditional VAE-GAN networks for Symbolic Single-track Music Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.01607/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Are We There Yet? A Brief Survey of Music Emotion Prediction Datasets, Models and Outstanding Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.08809/) (2024)
- [The GigaMIDI Dataset with Features for Expressive Music Performance Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17726/) (2025)
- [Emotion-driven Piano Music Generation via Two-stage Disentanglement and Functional Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.20955/) (2024)
- [PIAST: A Multimodal Piano Dataset with Audio, Symbolic and Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.02551/) (2024)
- [Adaptable Symbolic Music Infilling with MIDI-RWKV](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.13001/) (2025)
- [On the de-duplication of the Lakh MIDI dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.16662/) (2025)
- [AImoclips: A Benchmark for Evaluating Emotion Conveyance in Text-to-Music Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.00813/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Existing multi-instrumental datasets tend to be biased toward pop and classical music. In addition, they generally lack high-level annotations such as emotion tags. In this paper, we propose YM2413-MDB, an 80s FM video game music dataset with multi-label emotion annotations. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and MSX PC games in the 80s using YM2413, a programmable sound generator based on FM. The collected game music is arranged with a subset of 15 monophonic instruments and one drum instrument. They were converted from binary commands of the YM2413 sound chip. Each song was labeled with 19 emotion tags by two annotators and validated by three verifiers to obtain refined tags. We provide the baseline models and results for emotion recognition and emotion-conditioned symbolic music generation using YM2413-MDB.