# Gathering Strength, Gathering Storms: The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) 2021 Study Panel Report

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15767 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.15767/

## Key facts

- Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 54 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [Model Cards for Model Reporting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.03993/) (2018)
- [A comparative study of fairness-enhancing interventions in machine learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.04422/) (2018)
- [Participation is not a Design Fix for Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.02423/) (2020)
- [Abstraction and Analogy-Making in Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.10717/) (2021)
- [Problem Formulation and Fairness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.02547/) (2019)
- [Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03721/) (2021)
- [Theoretical Impediments to Machine Learning With Seven Sparks from the Causal Revolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.04016/) (2018)
- [Dark, Beyond Deep: A Paradigm Shift to Cognitive AI with Humanlike Common Sense](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.09044/) (2020)
- [Roles for Computing in Social Change](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04883/) (2019)
- ["The Human Body is a Black Box": Supporting Clinical Decision-Making with Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.08089/) (2019)
- [Algorithms and Decision-Making in the Public Sector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.03673/) (2021)
- [Neutralizing Self-Selection Bias in Sampling for Sortition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.10498/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09227/) (2024)
- [BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.05652/) (2025)
- [FormalGeo: An Extensible Formalized Framework for Olympiad Geometric Problem Solving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.18021/) (2023)
- [FGeo-HyperGNet: Geometric Problem Solving Integrating FormalGeo Symbolic System and Hypergraph Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11461/) (2024)
- [Particip-AI: A Democratic Surveying Framework for Anticipating Future AI Use Cases, Harms and Benefits](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14791/) (2024)
- [Analyzing the Impact of Companies on AI Research Based on Publications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20444/) (2023)
- [Grasping AI: experiential exercises for designers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.01282/) (2023)
- [The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.00479/) (2023)
- [The Essentials of AI for Life and Society: An AI Literacy Course for the University Community](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.07392/) (2025)
- [Shaping AI's Impact on Billions of Lives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.02730/) (2024)
- [Neuro-Symbolic Spatio-Temporal Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.15566/) (2022)
- [Digital Engineering Transformation with Trustworthy AI towards Industry 4.0: Emerging Paradigm Shifts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.00951/) (2023)
- [AI Toolkit: Libraries and Essays for Exploring the Technology and Ethics of AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.10576/) (2025)
- [A Vision Toward Energy-Efficient Domain-Specific Artificial Intelligence Models and Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.22052/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In September 2021, the "One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence" project (AI100) issued the second report of its planned long-term periodic assessment of artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on society. It was written by a panel of 17 study authors, each of whom is deeply rooted in AI research, chaired by Michael Littman of Brown University. The report, entitled "Gathering Strength, Gathering Storms," answers a set of 14 questions probing critical areas of AI development addressing the major risks and dangers of AI, its effects on society, its public perception and the future of the field. The report concludes that AI has made a major leap from the lab to people's lives in recent years, which increases the urgency to understand its potential negative effects. The questions were developed by the AI100 Standing Committee, chaired by Peter Stone of the University of Texas at Austin, consisting of a group of AI leaders with expertise in computer science, sociology, ethics, economics, and other disciplines.