# EUREKA: EUphemism Recognition Enhanced through Knn-based methods and Augmentation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.12846 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.12846/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 23 Oct 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.00172/) (2019)
- [A Survey of Data Augmentation Approaches for NLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.03075/) (2021)
- [A Computational Approach to Politeness with Application to Social Factors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1306.6078/) (2013)
- [NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.02721/) (2021)
- [Testing the Ability of Language Models to Interpret Figurative Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.12632/) (2022)
- [Neuro-Symbolic Language Modeling with Automaton-augmented Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.12431/) (2022)
- [Self-Supervised Euphemism Detection and Identification for Content Moderation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.16808/) (2021)
- [Investigating Robustness of Dialog Models to Popular Figurative Language Constructs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00687/) (2021)
- [CATs are Fuzzy PETs: A Corpus and Analysis of Potentially Euphemistic Terms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.02728/) (2022)
- [Euphemistic Phrase Detection by Masked Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.04666/) (2021)
- [Searching for PETs: Using Distributional and Sentiment-Based Methods to Find Potentially Euphemistic Terms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.10451/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [A Report on the Euphemisms Detection Shared Task](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.13327/) (2022)
- [FEED PETs: Further Experimentation and Expansion on the Disambiguation of Potentially Euphemistic Terms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.00217/) (2023)
- [Turkish Delights: a Dataset on Turkish Euphemisms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.13040/) (2024)
- [When Does Language Transfer Help? Sequential Fine-Tuning for Cross-Lingual Euphemism Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.11831/) (2025)
- [Beyond Surface Forms: A Comprehensive, Mechanism-Oriented Taxonomy of Indirect Linguistic Encoding for LLM-Based Coded Language Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.27314/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce EUREKA, an ensemble-based approach for performing automatic euphemism detection. We (1) identify and correct potentially mislabelled rows in the dataset, (2) curate an expanded corpus called EuphAug, (3) leverage model representations of Potentially Euphemistic Terms (PETs), and (4) explore using representations of semantically close sentences to aid in classification. Using our augmented dataset and kNN-based methods, EUREKA was able to achieve state-of-the-art results on the public leaderboard of the Euphemism Detection Shared Task, ranking first with a macro F1 score of 0.881. Our code is available at https://github.com/sedrickkeh/EUREKA.