# Adversarial Contrastive Learning for Evidence-aware Fake News Detection with Graph Neural Networks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.05498 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.05498/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 55 of its 95 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 55)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05709/) (2020)
- [Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.02907/) (2016)
- [Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10903/) (2017)
- [Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03748/) (2018)
- [Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.05722/) (2019)
- [Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02216/) (2017)
- [Supervised Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11362/) (2020)
- [SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08821/) (2021)
- [Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filtering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.09375/) (2016)
- [Graph Contrastive Learning with Augmentations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.13902/) (2020)
- [Deep Graph Infomax](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.10341/) (2018)
- [Deeper Insights into Graph Convolutional Networks for Semi-Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07606/) (2018)
- [Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning with Differentiable Pooling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.08804/) (2018)
- [Learning Representations by Maximizing Mutual Information Across Views](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.00910/) (2019)
- [Deep Graph Contrastive Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.04131/) (2020)
- [Graph Contrastive Learning with Adaptive Augmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.14945/) (2020)
- [Graph U-Nets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.05178/) (2019)
- [Self-Attention Graph Pooling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.08082/) (2019)
- [Bilevel Programming for Hyperparameter Optimization and Meta-Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.04910/) (2018)
- [Graph Structure Learning for Robust Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.10203/) (2020)
- ["Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.00648/) (2017)
- [Graph Convolutional Networks for Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.05679/) (2018)
- [Session-based Recommendation with Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00855/) (2018)
- [Adversarial Training Methods for Semi-Supervised Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.07725/) (2016)
- [Learning Discrete Structures for Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.11960/) (2019)
- [Iterative Deep Graph Learning for Graph Neural Networks: Better and Robust Node Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.13009/) (2020)
- [Adaptive Graph Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03226/) (2018)
- [Fine-grained Fact Verification with Kernel Graph Attention Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.09796/) (2019)
- [Relational Graph Attention Network for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12362/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.13788/) (2023)
- [Code Recommendation for Open Source Software Developers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.08332/) (2022)
- [Prototypical Fine-tuning: Towards Robust Performance Under Varying Data Sizes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.13638/) (2022)
- [MetaAdapt: Domain Adaptive Few-Shot Misinformation Detection via Meta Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.12692/) (2023)
- [Out-of-distribution Evidence-aware Fake News Detection via Dual Adversarial Debiasing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12888/) (2023)
- [Crowd Intelligence for Early Misinformation Prediction on Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.04463/) (2024)
- [A Unified Contrastive Transfer Framework with Propagation Structure for Boosting Low-Resource Rumor Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.01492/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The prevalence and perniciousness of fake news have been a critical issue on the Internet, which stimulates the development of automatic fake news detection in turn. In this paper, we focus on evidence-based fake news detection, where several evidences are utilized to probe the veracity of news (i.e., a claim). Most previous methods first employ sequential models to embed the semantic information and then capture the claim-evidence interaction based on attention mechanisms. Despite their effectiveness, they still suffer from three weaknesses. Firstly, sequential models fail to integrate the relevant information that is scattered far apart in evidences. Secondly, they underestimate much redundant information in evidences may be useless or harmful. Thirdly, insufficient data utilization limits the separability and reliability of representations captured by the model. To solve these problems, we propose a unified Graph-based sEmantic structure mining framework with ConTRAstive Learning, namely GETRAL in short. Specifically, we first model claims and evidences as graph-structured data to capture the long-distance semantic dependency. Consequently, we reduce information redundancy by performing graph structure learning. Then the fine-grained semantic representations are fed into the claim-evidence interaction module for predictions. Finally, an adversarial contrastive learning module is applied to make full use of data and strengthen representation learning. Comprehensive experiments have demonstrated the superiority of GETRAL over the state-of-the-arts and validated the efficacy of semantic mining with graph structure and contrastive learning.