# FedPC: Federated Learning for Language Generation with Personal and Context Preference Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03766 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03766/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 32 of its 43 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.03400/) (2017)
- [Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.00190/) (2021)
- [Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06127/) (2018)
- [HyperNetworks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.09106/) (2016)
- [On First-Order Meta-Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.02999/) (2018)
- [Personalizing Dialogue Agents: I have a dog, do you have pets too?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07243/) (2018)
- [Personalized Federated Learning with Moreau Envelopes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.08848/) (2020)
- [Federated Learning with Personalization Layers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.00818/) (2019)
- [Exploiting Shared Representations for Personalized Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.07078/) (2021)
- [FedMD: Heterogenous Federated Learning via Model Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03581/) (2019)
- [Adaptive Personalized Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13461/) (2020)
- [Personalized Federated Learning: A Meta-Learning Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.07948/) (2020)
- [Distributed learning of deep neural network over multiple agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.06060/) (2018)
- [Improving Federated Learning Personalization via Model Agnostic Meta Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.12488/) (2019)
- [Personalized Federated Learning using Hypernetworks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.04628/) (2021)
- [Federated Learning of a Mixture of Global and Local Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05516/) (2020)
- [Lower Bounds and Optimal Algorithms for Personalized Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02372/) (2020)
- [MoEL: Mixture of Empathetic Listeners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07687/) (2019)
- [Federated Evaluation and Tuning for On-Device Personalization: System Design & Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.08503/) (2021)
- [Personalizing Dialogue Agents via Meta-Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.10033/) (2019)
- [ConvoKit: A Toolkit for the Analysis of Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.04246/) (2020)
- [Like hiking? You probably enjoy nature: Persona-grounded Dialog with Commonsense Expansions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.03205/) (2020)
- [Refocusing on Relevance: Personalization in NLG](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.05140/) (2021)
- [Interpretable and Personalized Apprenticeship Scheduling: Learning Interpretable Scheduling Policies from Heterogeneous User Demonstrations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.06397/) (2019)
- [Learning a Multi-Modal Policy via Imitating Demonstrations with Mixed Behaviors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.10304/) (2019)
- [Personalized Federated Deep Learning for Pain Estimation From Face Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.04800/) (2021)
- [Spatio-Temporal Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06309/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Federated learning is a training paradigm that learns from multiple distributed users without aggregating data on a centralized server. Such a paradigm promises the ability to deploy machine-learning at-scale to a diverse population of end-users without first collecting a large, labeled dataset for all possible tasks. As federated learning typically averages learning updates across a decentralized population, there is a growing need for personalization of federated learning systems (i.e conversational agents must be able to personalize to a specific user's preferences). In this work, we propose a new direction for personalization research within federated learning, leveraging both personal embeddings and shared context embeddings. We also present an approach to predict these ``preference'' embeddings, enabling personalization without backpropagation. Compared to state-of-the-art personalization baselines, our approach achieves a 50% improvement in test-time perplexity using 0.001% of the memory required by baseline approaches, and achieving greater sample- and compute-efficiency.