# Mintaka: A Complex, Natural, and Multilingual Dataset for End-to-End Question Answering

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.01613 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.01613/

## Key facts

- Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 23 of its 39 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Oct 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 23 of 23)

- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.05250/) (2016)
- [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02116/) (2019)
- [Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04906/) (2020)
- [HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.09600/) (2018)
- [mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11934/) (2020)
- [MuSiQue: Multihop Questions via Single-hop Question Composition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.00573/) (2021)
- [DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.00161/) (2019)
- [How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.08910/) (2020)
- [On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.11856/) (2019)
- [Beyond English-Centric Multilingual Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11125/) (2020)
- [TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.05002/) (2020)
- [The Web as a Knowledge-base for Answering Complex Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.06643/) (2018)
- [MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.07475/) (2019)
- [Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.03126/) (2016)
- [Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.00774/) (2021)
- [Beyond I.I.D.: Three Levels of Generalization for Question Answering on Knowledge Bases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.07743/) (2020)
- [A Survey on Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: Methods, Challenges and Solutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.11644/) (2021)
- [TransferNet: An Effective and Transparent Framework for Multi-hop Question Answering over Relation Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07302/) (2021)
- [Scalable Neural Methods for Reasoning With a Symbolic Knowledge Base](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.06115/) (2020)
- [Expanding End-to-End Question Answering on Differentiable Knowledge Graphs with Intersection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.05808/) (2021)
- [End-to-End Entity Resolution and Question Answering Using Differentiable Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.05817/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 72)

- [Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.08921/) (2024)
- [The Belebele Benchmark: a Parallel Reading Comprehension Dataset in 122 Language Variants](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.16884/) (2023)
- [Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07521/) (2023)
- [WebDancer: Towards Autonomous Information Seeking Agency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22648/) (2025)
- [Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.06619/) (2024)
- [Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Prompting for Zero-Shot Knowledge Graph Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.04136/) (2023)
- [A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.13958/) (2025)
- [Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucinations via Autonomous Knowledge Graph-based Retrofitting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.13314/) (2023)
- [Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) and Beyond: A Comprehensive Survey on How to Make your LLMs use External Data More Wisely](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.14924/) (2024)
- [Retrieve-Rewrite-Answer: A KG-to-Text Enhanced LLMs Framework for Knowledge Graph Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11206/) (2023)
- [Enhancing Multilingual LLM Pretraining with Model-Based Data Selection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.10361/) (2025)
- [MultiLoKo: a multilingual local knowledge benchmark for LLMs spanning 31 languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10356/) (2025)
- [Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12836/) (2023)
- [Towards Cross-Cultural Machine Translation with Retrieval-Augmented Generation from Multilingual Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.14057/) (2024)
- [Multi-Task Contrastive Learning for 8192-Token Bilingual Text Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17016/) (2024)
- [Atomic Fact Decomposition Helps Attributed Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.16708/) (2024)
- [MINTQA: A Multi-Hop Question Answering Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on New and Tail Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.17032/) (2024)
- [DBLP-QuAD: A Question Answering Dataset over the DBLP Scholarly Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13351/) (2023)
- [Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10499/) (2025)
- [An Enhanced Prompt-Based LLM Reasoning Scheme via Knowledge Graph-Integrated Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04978/) (2024)
- [Knowledge Graph-extended Retrieval Augmented Generation for Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.08893/) (2025)
- [SMARTCAL: An Approach to Self-Aware Tool-Use Evaluation and Calibration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12151/) (2024)
- [Retrieving, Rethinking and Revising: The Chain-of-Verification Can Improve Retrieval Augmented Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05801/) (2024)
- [Large Language Models Meet Knowledge Graphs to Answer Factoid Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02166/) (2023)
- [Evidence-Focused Fact Summarization for Knowledge-Augmented Zero-Shot Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.02966/) (2024)
- [Granite Embedding Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.20204/) (2025)
- [Beyond Decoder-only: Large Language Models Can be Good Encoders for Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06594/) (2025)
- [Fast and Fluent Diffusion Language Models via Convolutional Decoding and Rejective Fine-tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.15188/) (2025)
- [LLM-Independent Adaptive RAG: Let the Question Speak for Itself](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.04253/) (2025)
- [SPADER: Step-wise Peer Advantage with Diversity-Aware Exploration Rewards for Multi-Answer Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.00593/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce Mintaka, a complex, natural, and multilingual dataset designed for experimenting with end-to-end question-answering models. Mintaka is composed of 20,000 question-answer pairs collected in English, annotated with Wikidata entities, and translated into Arabic, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish for a total of 180,000 samples. Mintaka includes 8 types of complex questions, including superlative, intersection, and multi-hop questions, which were naturally elicited from crowd workers. We run baselines over Mintaka, the best of which achieves 38% hits@1 in English and 31% hits@1 multilingually, showing that existing models have room for improvement. We release Mintaka at https://github.com/amazon-research/mintaka.