# A Reference Model for Common Understanding of Capabilities and Skills in Manufacturing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.09632 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.09632/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 26 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Sep 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Capabilities and Skills in Manufacturing: A Survey Over the Last Decade of ETFA](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.12908/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [On the Use of Large Language Models to Generate Capability Ontologies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.17524/) (2024)
- [Toward a Method to Generate Capability Ontologies from Natural Language Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07962/) (2024)
- [Beyond Formal Semantics for Capabilities and Skills: Model Context Protocol in Manufacturing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.11180/) (2025)
- [Capability-Driven Skill Generation with LLMs: A RAG-Based Approach for Reusing Existing Libraries and Interfaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.03295/) (2025)
- [Automated Process Planning Based on a Semantic Capability Model and SMT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.08801/) (2023)
- [A Capability and Skill Model for Heterogeneous Autonomous Robots](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.10900/) (2022)
- [KAPPS: A knowledge-based CPPS Architecture for the Circular Factory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.22457/) (2026)
- [An LLM-Based Assistance System for Intuitive and Flexible Capability-Based Planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.28666/) (2026)
- [From Capability Models to Automated Planning: An AAS-Native Approach for Automatic PDDL Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.02167/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In manufacturing, many use cases of Industry 4.0 require vendor-neutral and machine-readable information models to describe, implement and execute resource functions. Such models have been researched under the terms capabilities and skills. Standardization of such models is required, but currently not available. This paper presents a reference model developed jointly by members of various organizations in a working group of the Plattform Industrie 4.0. This model covers definitions of most important aspects of capabilities and skills. It can be seen as a basis for further standardization efforts.