# A Deep Learning Approach for Parallel Imaging and Compressed Sensing MRI Reconstruction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.08807 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.08807/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 14 of its 43 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.00667/) (2022)
- [Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.07004/) (2016)
- [Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04958/) (2019)
- [UNet++: A Nested U-Net Architecture for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.10165/) (2018)
- [Image Super-Resolution Using Deep Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1501.00092/) (2014)
- [Towards Principled Methods for Training Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.04862/) (2017)
- [Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Inverse Problems in Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.03679/) (2016)
- [A Deep Cascade of Convolutional Neural Networks for Dynamic MR Image Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.02422/) (2017)
- [Compressed Sensing MRI Reconstruction using a Generative Adversarial Network with a Cyclic Loss](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.00753/) (2017)
- [DIMENSION: Dynamic MR Imaging with Both K-space and Spatial Prior Knowledge Obtained via Multi-Supervised Network Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.00302/) (2018)
- [Dual-domain Cascade of U-nets for Multi-channel Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.01458/) (2019)
- [RemNet: Remnant Convolutional Neural Network for Camera Model Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.00694/) (2019)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Parallel imaging accelerates MRI data acquisition by acquiring additional sensitivity information with an array of receiver coils, resulting in fewer phase encoding steps. Because of fewer data requirements than parallel imaging, compressed sensing magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI) has gained popularity in the field of medical imaging. Parallel imaging and compressed sensing (CS) both reduce the amount of data captured in the k-space, which speeds up traditional MRI acquisition. As acquisition time is inversely proportional to sample count, forming an image from reduced k-space samples results in faster acquisition but with aliasing artifacts. For de-aliasing the reconstructed image, this paper proposes a novel Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) called RECGAN-GR that is supervised with multi-modal losses. In comparison to existing GAN networks, our proposed method introduces a novel generator network, RemU-Net, which is integrated with dual-domain loss functions such as weighted magnitude and phase loss functions, as well as parallel imaging-based loss, GRAPPA consistency loss. As refinement learning, a k-space correction block is proposed to make the GAN network self-resistant to generating unnecessary data, which speeds up the reconstruction process. Comprehensive results show that the proposed RECGAN-GR not only improves the PSNR by 4 dB over GAN-based methods but also by 2 dB over conventional state-of-the-art CNN methods available in the literature for single-coil data. The proposed work significantly improves image quality for low-retained data, resulting in five to ten times faster acquisition.