# Comprehensively identifying Long Covid articles with human-in-the-loop machine learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.08124 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.08124/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 54 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Data Programming: Creating Large Training Sets, Quickly](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.07723/) (2016)
- [Fast and Three-rious: Speeding Up Weak Supervision with Triplet Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.11955/) (2020)
- [Multi-label classification for biomedical literature: an overview of the BioCreative VII LitCovid Track for COVID-19 literature topic annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09781/) (2022)
- [PDC -- a probabilistic distributional clustering algorithm: a case study on suicide articles in PubMed](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.02077/) (2019)
- [A Comprehensive Dictionary and Term Variation Analysis for COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.14588/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Benchmarking large language models for biomedical natural language processing applications and recommendations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16326/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

A significant percentage of COVID-19 survivors experience ongoing multisystemic symptoms that often affect daily living, a condition known as Long Covid or post-acute-sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, identifying scientific articles relevant to Long Covid is challenging since there is no standardized or consensus terminology. We developed an iterative human-in-the-loop machine learning framework combining data programming with active learning into a robust ensemble model, demonstrating higher specificity and considerably higher sensitivity than other methods. Analysis of the Long Covid collection shows that (1) most Long Covid articles do not refer to Long Covid by any name (2) when the condition is named, the name used most frequently in the literature is Long Covid, and (3) Long Covid is associated with disorders in a wide variety of body systems. The Long Covid collection is updated weekly and is searchable online at the LitCovid portal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/coronavirus/docsum?filters=e_condition.LongCovid