# An Initial Investigation for Detecting Vocoder Fingerprints of Fake Audio

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.09646 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.09646/

## Key facts

- Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 20 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Aug 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01507/) (2017)
- [WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.03499/) (2016)
- [HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.05646/) (2020)
- [Parallel WaveGAN: A fast waveform generation model based on generative adversarial networks with multi-resolution spectrogram](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.11480/) (2019)
- [Efficient Neural Audio Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.08435/) (2018)
- [Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10433/) (2017)
- [ASVspoof 2019: Future Horizons in Spoofed and Fake Audio Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.05441/) (2019)
- [End-to-end anti-spoofing with RawNet2](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.01108/) (2020)
- [ASVspoof 2021: accelerating progress in spoofed and deepfake speech detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00537/) (2021)
- [LPCNet: Improving Neural Speech Synthesis Through Linear Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.11846/) (2018)
- [ADD 2022: the First Audio Deep Synthesis Detection Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08433/) (2022)
- [Multi-band MelGAN: Faster Waveform Generation for High-Quality Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.05106/) (2020)
- [STC Antispoofing Systems for the ASVspoof2019 Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.05576/) (2019)
- [Investigating self-supervised front ends for speech spoofing countermeasures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.07725/) (2021)
- [Half-Truth: A Partially Fake Audio Detection Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03617/) (2021)
- [Continual Learning for Fake Audio Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07286/) (2021)
- [StyleMelGAN: An Efficient High-Fidelity Adversarial Vocoder with Temporal Adaptive Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.01557/) (2020)
- [LCNN: Lookup-based Convolutional Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.06473/) (2016)
- [EMPHASIS: An Emotional Phoneme-based Acoustic Model for Speech Synthesis System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.09276/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [Do You Remember? Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting for Fake Audio Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.03300/) (2023)
- [Single and Multi-Speaker Cloned Voice Detection: From Perceptual to Learned Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.07683/) (2023)
- [STOPA: A Database of Systematic VariaTion Of DeePfake Audio for Open-Set Source Tracing and Attribution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19644/) (2025)
- [Generalized Source Tracing: Detecting Novel Audio Deepfake Algorithm with Real Emphasis and Fake Dispersion Strategy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.03240/) (2024)
- [Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.17911/) (2024)
- [Synthetic Speech Source Tracing using Metric Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.02590/) (2025)
- [Lightweight Model Attribution and Detection of Synthetic Speech via Audio Residual Fingerprints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14013/) (2024)
- [WaveVerify: A Novel Audio Watermarking Framework for Media Authentication and Combatting Deepfakes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.21150/) (2025)
- [Signals of Provenance: Practices & Challenges of Navigating Indicators in AI-Generated Media for Sighted and Blind Individuals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16057/) (2025)
- [Audio Deepfake Attribution: An Initial Dataset and Investigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.10489/) (2022)
- [Reject Threshold Adaptation for Open-Set Model Attribution of Deepfake Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.01425/) (2024)
- [Towards Generalized Source Tracing for Codec-Based Deepfake Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.07294/) (2025)
- [SNAP: Speaker Nulling for Artifact Projection in Speech Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.20686/) (2026)
- [GAMW: Generation-Aware Mel-Domain Watermarking for TTS Traceability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.15082/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Many effective attempts have been made for fake audio detection. However, they can only provide detection results but no countermeasures to curb this harm. For many related practical applications, what model or algorithm generated the fake audio also is needed. Therefore, We propose a new problem for detecting vocoder fingerprints of fake audio. Experiments are conducted on the datasets synthesized by eight state-of-the-art vocoders. We have preliminarily explored the features and model architectures. The t-SNE visualization shows that different vocoders generate distinct vocoder fingerprints.