# Insurgency as Complex Network: Image Co-Appearance and Hierarchy in the PKK

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06946 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.06946/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 2 of its 81 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Jul 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.03832/) (2015)
- [Scale-free networks are rare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03400/) (2018)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Despite a growing recognition of the importance of insurgent group structure on conflict outcomes, there is very little empirical research thereon. Though this problem is rooted in the inaccessibility of data on militant group structure, insurgents frequently publish large volumes of image data on the internet. In this paper, I develop a new methodology that leverages this abundant but underutilized source of data by automating the creation of a social network graph based on co-appearance in photographs using deep learning. Using a trove of 19,115 obituary images published online by the PKK, a Kurdish militant group in Turkey, I demonstrate that an individual's centrality in the resulting co-appearance network is closely correlated with their rank in the insurgent group.