# Reputation, Risk, and Trust on User Adoption of Internet Search Engines: The Case of DuckDuckGo

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.09428 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.09428/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Preserving Cultural Identity with Context-Aware Translation Through Multi-Agent AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.04827/) (2025)
- [Gauging Public Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the United States](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11444/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper investigates the determinants of end-user adoption of the DuckDuckGo search engine coupling the standard UTAUT model with factors to reflect reputation, risk, and trust. An experimental approach was taken to validate our model, where participants were exposed to the DuckDuckGo product using a vignette. Subsequently, answering questions on their perception of the technology. The data was analyzed using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. From the nine distinct factors studied, we found that 'Performance Expectancy' played the greatest role in user decisions on adoption, followed by 'Firm Reputation', 'Initial Trust in Technology', 'Social Influence', and an individual's 'Disposition to Trust'. We conclude by exploring how these findings can explain DuckDuckGo's rising prominence as a search engine.