# Domain Invariant Model with Graph Convolutional Network for Mammogram Classification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.09954 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09954/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 16 of its 26 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.02907/) (2016)
- [Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.03167/) (2015)
- [Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1312.6114/) (2013)
- [Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.07818/) (2015)
- [Invariant Risk Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.02893/) (2019)
- [Out-of-Distribution Generalization via Risk Extrapolation (REx)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.00688/) (2020)
- [Multi-Label Image Recognition with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03582/) (2019)
- [Why do deep convolutional networks generalize so poorly to small image transformations?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.12177/) (2018)
- [Learning to Balance Specificity and Invariance for In and Out of Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.12839/) (2020)
- [DIVA: Domain Invariant Variational Autoencoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.10427/) (2019)
- [Guided Variational Autoencoder for Disentanglement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.01255/) (2020)
- [Shape and Margin-Aware Lung Nodule Classification in Low-dose CT Images via Soft Activation Mapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.12494/) (2018)
- [Latent Causal Invariant Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.02203/) (2020)
- [ICADx: Interpretable computer aided diagnosis of breast masses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.08960/) (2018)
- [Signed Laplacian Deep Learning with Adversarial Augmentation for Improved Mammography Diagnosis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.00300/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Revisiting Invariant Learning for Out-of-Domain Generalization on Multi-Site Mammogram Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06759/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Due to its safety-critical property, the image-based diagnosis is desired to achieve robustness on out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. A natural way towards this goal is capturing only clinically disease-related features, which is composed of macroscopic attributes (e.g., margins, shapes) and microscopic image-based features (e.g., textures) of lesion-related areas. However, such disease-related features are often interweaved with data-dependent (but disease irrelevant) biases during learning, disabling the OOD generalization. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel framework, namely Domain Invariant Model with Graph Convolutional Network (DIM-GCN), which only exploits invariant disease-related features from multiple domains. Specifically, we first propose a Bayesian network, which explicitly decomposes the latent variables into disease-related and other disease-irrelevant parts that are provable to be disentangled from each other. Guided by this, we reformulate the objective function based on Variational Auto-Encoder, in which the encoder in each domain has two branches: the domain-independent and -dependent ones, which respectively encode disease-related and -irrelevant features. To better capture the macroscopic features, we leverage the observed clinical attributes as a goal for reconstruction, via Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). Finally, we only implement the disease-related features for prediction. The effectiveness and utility of our method are demonstrated by the superior OOD generalization performance over others on mammogram benign/malignant diagnosis.