# A 3-stage Spectral-spatial Method for Hyperspectral Image Classification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.09294 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09294/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 66 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [A Three-stage Approach for Segmenting Degraded Color Images: Smoothing, Lifting and Thresholding (SLaT)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.00060/) (2015)
- [Active Diffusion and VCA-Assisted Image Segmentation of Hyperspectral Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06298/) (2022)
- [A two-stage method for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.00836/) (2018)
- [Classification of Hyperspectral Images Using SVM with Shape-adaptive Reconstruction and Smoothed Total Variation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.15619/) (2022)
- [Unsupervised detection of ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) using diffusion-based hyperspectral image clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09041/) (2022)
- [Extreme Sparse Multinomial Logistic Regression: A Fast and Robust Framework for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.02517/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Superpixel-based and Spatially-regularized Diffusion Learning for Unsupervised Hyperspectral Image Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.15447/) (2023)
- [Semi-supervised Change Detection of Small Water Bodies Using RGB and Multispectral Images in Peruvian Rainforests](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.09365/) (2022)
- [Unsupervised Spatial-spectral Hyperspectral Image Reconstruction and Clustering with Diffusion Geometry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13497/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Hyperspectral images often have hundreds of spectral bands of different wavelengths captured by aircraft or satellites that record land coverage. Identifying detailed classes of pixels becomes feasible due to the enhancement in spectral and spatial resolution of hyperspectral images. In this work, we propose a novel framework that utilizes both spatial and spectral information for classifying pixels in hyperspectral images. The method consists of three stages. In the first stage, the pre-processing stage, Nested Sliding Window algorithm is used to reconstruct the original data by {enhancing the consistency of neighboring pixels} and then Principal Component Analysis is used to reduce the dimension of data. In the second stage, Support Vector Machines are trained to estimate the pixel-wise probability map of each class using the spectral information from the images. Finally, a smoothed total variation model is applied to smooth the class probability vectors by {ensuring spatial connectivity} in the images. We demonstrate the superiority of our method against three state-of-the-art algorithms on six benchmark hyperspectral data sets with 10 to 50 training labels for each class. The results show that our method gives the overall best performance in accuracy. Especially, our gain in accuracy increases when the number of labeled pixels decreases and therefore our method is more advantageous to be applied to problems with small training set. Hence it is of great practical significance since expert annotations are often expensive and difficult to collect.