# Designing Creative AI Partners with COFI: A Framework for Modeling Interaction in Human-AI Co-Creative Systems

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.07666 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.07666/

## Key facts

- Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 169 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.07004/) (2016)
- [Model Cards for Model Reporting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.03993/) (2018)
- [Human-AI Collaboration in Data Science: Exploring Data Scientists' Perceptions of Automated AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.02309/) (2019)
- [An Interaction Framework for Studying Co-Creative AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.09709/) (2019)
- [CharacterChat: Supporting the Creation of Fictional Characters through Conversation and Progressive Manifestation with a Chatbot](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.12314/) (2021)
- [Generative Choreography using Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.06921/) (2016)
- [DeepTingle](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.03557/) (2017)
- [In a Silent Way: Communication Between AI and Improvising Musicians Beyond Sound](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.06442/) (2019)
- [How to Support Users in Understanding Intelligent Systems? Structuring the Discussion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08301/) (2020)
- [Shimon the Rapper: A Real-Time System for Human-Robot Interactive Rap Battles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.09234/) (2020)
- [An Argument-based Creative Assistant for Harmonic Blending](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.01770/) (2016)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 59)

- [Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.18659/) (2024)
- [Beyond Text Generation: Supporting Writers with Continuous Automatic Text Summaries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.09323/) (2022)
- [CoQuest: Exploring Research Question Co-Creation with an LLM-based Agent](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.06155/) (2023)
- [Evaluating Human-AI Collaboration: A Review and Methodological Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19098/) (2024)
- [Beyond Prompts: Exploring the Design Space of Mixed-Initiative Co-Creativity Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07465/) (2023)
- [From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.10868/) (2023)
- ["It Felt Like Having a Second Mind": Investigating Human-AI Co-creativity in Prewriting with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10811/) (2023)
- [Multi-Agents are Social Groups: Investigating Social Influence of Multiple Agents in Human-Agent Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04578/) (2024)
- [Which Contributions Deserve Credit? Perceptions of Attribution in Human-AI Co-Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.18357/) (2025)
- [Creative Wand: A System to Study Effects of Communications in Co-Creative Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.02886/) (2022)
- [Understanding User Perceptions, Collaborative Experience and User Engagement in Different Human-AI Interaction Designs for Co-Creative Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13217/) (2022)
- [Parachute: Evaluating Interactive Human-LM Co-writing Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.06333/) (2023)
- [An Ontology of Co-Creative AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07472/) (2023)
- [Unpacking Human-AI interactions: From interaction primitives to a design space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.05115/) (2024)
- [BO-Muse: A human expert and AI teaming framework for accelerated experimental design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.01684/) (2023)
- [Synergizing Human-AI Agency: A Guide of 23 Heuristics for Service Co-Creation with LLM-Based Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15065/) (2023)
- [Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.22370/) (2024)
- [A Systematic Review of Human-AI Co-Creativity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.21333/) (2025)
- [History of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots: past, present, and future development](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.05122/) (2024)
- [Cognitive Spillover in Human-AI Teams](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.17489/) (2024)
- [Exploring the Needs of Practising Musicians in Co-Creative AI Through Co-Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.09055/) (2025)
- [Human-Centered AI Communication in Co-Creativity: An Initial Framework and Insights](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18385/) (2025)
- [Why Human Guidance Matters in Collaborative Vibe Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.10473/) (2026)
- [Seeing Eye to Eye: Enabling Cognitive Alignment Through Shared First-Person Perspective in Human-AI Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12701/) (2026)
- [A Controllable Co-Creative Agent for Game System Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.02317/) (2023)
- [Causal Responsibility Attribution for Human-AI Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.03275/) (2024)
- [Improving User Experience with FAICO: Towards a Framework for AI Communication in Human-AI Co-Creativity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.02526/) (2025)
- [Human Machine Co-Creation. A Complementary Cognitive Approach to Creative Character Design Process Using GANs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.13960/) (2023)
- [LLM4DESIGN: An Automated Multi-Modal System for Architectural and Environmental Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.12025/) (2024)
- [Open Role-Playing with Delta-Engines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.05842/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Human-AI co-creativity involves both humans and AI collaborating on a shared creative product as partners. In a creative collaboration, interaction dynamics, such as turn-taking, contribution type, and communication, are the driving forces of the co-creative process. Therefore the interaction model is a critical and essential component for effective co-creative systems. There is relatively little research about interaction design in the co-creativity field, which is reflected in a lack of focus on interaction design in many existing co-creative systems. The primary focus of co-creativity research has been on the abilities of the AI. This paper focuses on the importance of interaction design in co-creative systems with the development of the Co-Creative Framework for Interaction design (COFI) that describes the broad scope of possibilities for interaction design in co-creative systems. Researchers can use COFI for modeling interaction in co-creative systems by exploring alternatives in this design space of interaction. COFI can also be beneficial while investigating and interpreting the interaction design of existing co-creative systems. We coded a dataset of existing 92 co-creative systems using COFI and analyzed the data to show how COFI provides a basis to categorize the interaction models of existing co-creative systems. We identify opportunities to shift the focus of interaction models in co-creativity to enable more communication between the user and AI leading to human-AI partnerships.