# Detecting Vocal Fatigue with Neural Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.03428 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03428/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 16 of its 53 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01507/) (2017)
- [wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11477/) (2020)
- [SpecAugment: A Simple Data Augmentation Method for Automatic Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.08779/) (2019)
- [VoxCeleb: a large-scale speaker identification dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.08612/) (2017)
- [ECAPA-TDNN: Emphasized Channel Attention, Propagation and Aggregation in TDNN Based Speaker Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07143/) (2020)
- [Res2Net: A New Multi-scale Backbone Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01169/) (2019)
- [MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.08484/) (2015)
- [SpeechBrain: A General-Purpose Speech Toolkit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04624/) (2021)
- [Emotion Recognition from Speech Using Wav2vec 2.0 Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03502/) (2021)
- [Unsupervised Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.11084/) (2021)
- [Exploring wav2vec 2.0 on speaker verification and language identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.06185/) (2020)
- [KSoF: The Kassel State of Fluency Dataset -- A Therapy Centered Dataset of Stuttering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.05383/) (2022)
- [Improved Language Identification Through Cross-Lingual Self-Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.04082/) (2021)
- [Learning De-identified Representations of Prosody from Raw Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.08248/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Vocal fatigue refers to the feeling of tiredness and weakness of voice due to extended utilization. This paper investigates the effectiveness of neural embeddings for the detection of vocal fatigue. We compare x-vectors, ECAPA-TDNN, and wav2vec 2.0 embeddings on a corpus of academic spoken English. Low-dimensional mappings of the data reveal that neural embeddings capture information about the change in vocal characteristics of a speaker during prolonged voice usage. We show that vocal fatigue can be reliably predicted using all three kinds of neural embeddings after only 50 minutes of continuous speaking when temporal smoothing and normalization are applied to the extracted embeddings. We employ support vector machines for classification and achieve accuracy scores of 81% using x-vectors, 85% using ECAPA-TDNN embeddings, and 82% using wav2vec 2.0 embeddings as input features. We obtain an accuracy score of 76%, when the trained system is applied to a different speaker and recording environment without any adaptation.