# Towards Automatic Construction of Filipino WordNet: Word Sense Induction and Synset Induction Using Sentence Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.03251 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03251/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 38 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.10084/) (2019)
- [SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08821/) (2021)
- [A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1508.05326/) (2015)
- [Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.01759/) (2016)
- [TSDAE: Using Transformer-based Sequential Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06979/) (2021)
- [Improving Large-scale Language Models and Resources for Filipino](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06053/) (2021)
- [Towards better substitution-based word sense induction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.12598/) (2019)
- [Exploiting News Article Structure for Automatic Corpus Generation of Entailment Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11574/) (2020)
- [Sense Embedding Learning for Word Sense Induction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.05409/) (2016)
- [Overcoming the Rare Word Problem for Low-Resource Language Pairs in Neural Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03467/) (2019)
- [Knowledge-enriched Two-layered Attention Network for Sentiment Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.07819/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [To Word Senses and Beyond: Inducing Concepts with Contextualized Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.20054/) (2024)
- [The correlation between nativelike selection and prototypicality: a multilingual onomasiological case study using semantic embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.13529/) (2024)
- [OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.18622/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Wordnets are indispensable tools for various natural language processing applications. Unfortunately, wordnets get outdated, and producing or updating wordnets can be slow and costly in terms of time and resources. This problem intensifies for low-resource languages. This study proposes a method for word sense induction and synset induction using only two linguistic resources, namely, an unlabeled corpus and a sentence embeddings-based language model. The resulting sense inventory and synonym sets can be used in automatically creating a wordnet. We applied this method on a corpus of Filipino text. The sense inventory and synsets were evaluated by matching them with the sense inventory of the machine translated Princeton WordNet, as well as comparing the synsets to the Filipino WordNet. This study empirically shows that the 30% of the induced word senses are valid and 40% of the induced synsets are valid in which 20% are novel synsets.