# HLDC: Hindi Legal Documents Corpus

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.00806 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00806/

## Key facts

- Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 15 of its 36 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.4053/) (2014)
- [Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.09813/) (2020)
- [Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02059/) (2019)
- [CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.02478/) (2018)
- [How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12158/) (2020)
- [JEC-QA: A Legal-Domain Question Answering Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.12011/) (2019)
- [MultiEURLEX -- A multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00904/) (2021)
- [ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13562/) (2021)
- [CAIL2019-SCM: A Dataset of Similar Case Matching in Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.08962/) (2019)
- [CJRC: A Reliable Human-Annotated Benchmark DataSet for Chinese Judicial Reading Comprehension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.09156/) (2019)
- [Semantic Segmentation of Legal Documents via Rhetorical Roles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01836/) (2021)
- [Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.13125/) (2022)
- [Building Legal Case Retrieval Systems with Lexical Matching and Summarization using A Pre-Trained Phrase Scoring Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.14083/) (2020)
- [Long Document Summarization in a Low Resource Setting using Pretrained Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00751/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04859/) (2022)
- [A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.05224/) (2022)
- [U-CREAT: Unsupervised Case Retrieval using Events extrAcTion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.05260/) (2023)
- [Nonet at SemEval-2023 Task 6: Methodologies for Legal Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11049/) (2023)
- [SemEval 2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.09548/) (2023)
- [Exploring Graph Neural Networks for Indian Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12800/) (2023)
- [InSaAF: Incorporating Safety through Accuracy and Fairness | Are LLMs ready for the Indian Legal Domain?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.10567/) (2024)
- [Advantages of Domain Knowledge Injection for Legal Document Summarization: A Case Study on Summarizing Indian Court Judgments in English and Hindi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.07382/) (2026)
- [Are Models Trained on Indian Legal Data Fair?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.07247/) (2023)
- [Judging by Appearances? Auditing and Intervening Vision-Language Models for Bail Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.00088/) (2025)
- [Figurative Justice: Detecting metaphors in Hindi judgements with qualitative assessment and transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.22446/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Many populous countries including India are burdened with a considerable backlog of legal cases. Development of automated systems that could process legal documents and augment legal practitioners can mitigate this. However, there is a dearth of high-quality corpora that is needed to develop such data-driven systems. The problem gets even more pronounced in the case of low resource languages such as Hindi. In this resource paper, we introduce the Hindi Legal Documents Corpus (HLDC), a corpus of more than 900K legal documents in Hindi. Documents are cleaned and structured to enable the development of downstream applications. Further, as a use-case for the corpus, we introduce the task of bail prediction. We experiment with a battery of models and propose a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) based model for the same. MTL models use summarization as an auxiliary task along with bail prediction as the main task. Experiments with different models are indicative of the need for further research in this area. We release the corpus and model implementation code with this paper: https://github.com/Exploration-Lab/HLDC