# Forensic Analysis and Localization of Multiply Compressed MP3 Audio Using Transformers

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.16499 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16499/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [An Overview of Recent Work in Media Forensics: Methods and Threats](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.12067/) (2022)
- [EnvId: A Metric Learning Approach for Forensic Few-Shot Identification of Unseen Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.02119/) (2024)
- [Clean Accuracy Does Not Guarantee Provenance Robustness: A Prospective Codec-Stress Evaluation of Audio Attribution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.07981/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Audio signals are often stored and transmitted in compressed formats. Among the many available audio compression schemes, MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3) is very popular and widely used. Since MP3 is lossy it leaves characteristic traces in the compressed audio which can be used forensically to expose the past history of an audio file. In this paper, we consider the scenario of audio signal manipulation done by temporal splicing of compressed and uncompressed audio signals. We propose a method to find the temporal location of the splices based on transformer networks. Our method identifies which temporal portions of a audio signal have undergone single or multiple compression at the temporal frame level, which is the smallest temporal unit of MP3 compression. We tested our method on a dataset of 486,743 MP3 audio clips. Our method achieved higher performance and demonstrated robustness with respect to different MP3 data when compared with existing methods.