# BCOT: A Markerless High-Precision 3D Object Tracking Benchmark

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.13437 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13437/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 15 of its 52 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [ORB-SLAM: a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.00956/) (2015)
- [PoseCNN: A Convolutional Neural Network for 6D Object Pose Estimation in Cluttered Scenes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.00199/) (2017)
- [PVNet: Pixel-wise Voting Network for 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11788/) (2018)
- [CosyPose: Consistent multi-view multi-object 6D pose estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.08465/) (2020)
- [DeepIM: Deep Iterative Matching for 6D Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.00175/) (2018)
- [T-LESS: An RGB-D Dataset for 6D Pose Estimation of Texture-less Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.05498/) (2017)
- [HomebrewedDB: RGB-D Dataset for 6D Pose Estimation of 3D Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03167/) (2019)
- [se(3)-TrackNet: Data-driven 6D Pose Tracking by Calibrating Image Residuals in Synthetic Domains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.13866/) (2020)
- [BundleTrack: 6D Pose Tracking for Novel Objects without Instance or Category-Level 3D Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.00516/) (2021)
- [KeyPose: Multi-View 3D Labeling and Keypoint Estimation for Transparent Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.02805/) (2019)
- [A Unified Framework for Multi-View Multi-Class Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.08103/) (2018)
- [StereOBJ-1M: Large-scale Stereo Image Dataset for 6D Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.10115/) (2021)
- [A Region-based Gauss-Newton Approach to Real-Time Monocular Multiple Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.02087/) (2018)
- [Deep 6-DOF Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.09771/) (2017)
- [YCB-M: A Multi-Camera RGB-D Dataset for Object Recognition and 6DoF Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11657/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Fusing Visual Appearance and Geometry for Multi-modality 6DoF Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.11458/) (2023)
- [GBOT: Graph-Based 3D Object Tracking for Augmented Reality-Assisted Assembly Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.07677/) (2024)
- [Multi-view object pose estimation from correspondence distributions and epipolar geometry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.00924/) (2022)
- [For A More Comprehensive Evaluation of 6DoF Object Pose Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07796/) (2023)
- [Robust 6DoF Pose Tracking Considering Contour and Interior Correspondence Uncertainty for AR Assembly Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.11971/) (2025)
- [MultiCam: On-the-fly Multi-Camera Pose Estimation Using Spatiotemporal Overlaps of Known Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.22839/) (2026)
- [Globally Optimal Pose from Orthographic Silhouettes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.09199/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Template-based 3D object tracking still lacks a high-precision benchmark of real scenes due to the difficulty of annotating the accurate 3D poses of real moving video objects without using markers. In this paper, we present a multi-view approach to estimate the accurate 3D poses of real moving objects, and then use binocular data to construct a new benchmark for monocular textureless 3D object tracking. The proposed method requires no markers, and the cameras only need to be synchronous, relatively fixed as cross-view and calibrated. Based on our object-centered model, we jointly optimize the object pose by minimizing shape re-projection constraints in all views, which greatly improves the accuracy compared with the single-view approach, and is even more accurate than the depth-based method. Our new benchmark dataset contains 20 textureless objects, 22 scenes, 404 video sequences and 126K images captured in real scenes. The annotation error is guaranteed to be less than 2mm, according to both theoretical analysis and validation experiments. We re-evaluate the state-of-the-art 3D object tracking methods with our dataset, reporting their performance ranking in real scenes. Our BCOT benchmark and code can be found at https://ar3dv.github.io/BCOT-Benchmark/.