# GCT: Graph Co-Training for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.07738 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07738/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 48 of its 67 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 48)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.03400/) (2017)
- [Prototypical Networks for Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.05175/) (2017)
- [Matching Networks for One Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.04080/) (2016)
- [FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07685/) (2020)
- [MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.02249/) (2019)
- [Learning to Compare: Relation Network for Few-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.06025/) (2017)
- [A Closer Look at Few-shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.04232/) (2019)
- [Meta-Learning with Latent Embedding Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.05960/) (2018)
- [Meta-Learning with Differentiable Convex Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03758/) (2019)
- [Meta-Learning for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.00676/) (2018)
- [TADAM: Task dependent adaptive metric for improved few-shot learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10123/) (2018)
- [Few-Shot Learning with Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.04043/) (2017)
- [A Baseline for Few-Shot Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.02729/) (2019)
- [Learning to Propagate Labels: Transductive Propagation Network for Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10002/) (2018)
- [Cross-Domain Few-Shot Classification via Learned Feature-Wise Transformation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08735/) (2020)
- [Cost-Effective Active Learning for Deep Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.03551/) (2017)
- [Free Lunch for Few-shot Learning: Distribution Calibration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06395/) (2021)
- [Charting the Right Manifold: Manifold Mixup for Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.12087/) (2019)
- [Negative Margin Matters: Understanding Margin in Few-shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.12060/) (2020)
- [Edge-labeling Graph Neural Network for Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.01436/) (2019)
- [Finding Task-Relevant Features for Few-Shot Learning by Category Traversal](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.11116/) (2019)
- [Adaptive Cross-Modal Few-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.07104/) (2019)
- [Laplacian Regularized Few-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.15486/) (2020)
- [TapNet: Neural Network Augmented with Task-Adaptive Projection for Few-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.06549/) (2019)
- [Learning to Self-Train for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.00562/) (2019)
- [Embedding Propagation: Smoother Manifold for Few-Shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.04151/) (2020)
- [DPGN: Distribution Propagation Graph Network for Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.14247/) (2020)
- [Domain-aware Visual Bias Eliminating for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13261/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [A Comprehensive Survey of Convolutions in Deep Learning: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.15490/) (2024)
- [Semantic-Aware Graph Matching Mechanism for Multi-Label Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11275/) (2023)
- [AdaptGCD: Multi-Expert Adapter Tuning for Generalized Category Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21705/) (2024)
- [Towards Unsupervised Graph Completion Learning on Graphs with Features and Structure Missing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.02762/) (2023)
- [SP 3 : Superpixel-propagated pseudo-label learning for weakly semi-supervised medical image segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.11636/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Few-shot learning (FSL), purposing to resolve the problem of data-scarce, has attracted considerable attention in recent years. A popular FSL framework contains two phases: (i) the pre-train phase employs the base data to train a CNN-based feature extractor. (ii) the meta-test phase applies the frozen feature extractor to novel data (novel data has different categories from base data) and designs a classifier for recognition. To correct few-shot data distribution, researchers propose Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learning (SSFSL) by introducing unlabeled data. Although SSFSL has been proved to achieve outstanding performances in the FSL community, there still exists a fundamental problem: the pre-trained feature extractor can not adapt to the novel data flawlessly due to the cross-category setting. Usually, large amounts of noises are introduced to the novel feature. We dub it as Feature-Extractor-Maladaptive (FEM) problem. To tackle FEM, we make two efforts in this paper. First, we propose a novel label prediction method, Isolated Graph Learning (IGL). IGL introduces the Laplacian operator to encode the raw data to graph space, which helps reduce the dependence on features when classifying, and then project graph representation to label space for prediction. The key point is that: IGL can weaken the negative influence of noise from the feature representation perspective, and is also flexible to independently complete training and testing procedures, which is suitable for SSFSL. Second, we propose Graph Co-Training (GCT) to tackle this challenge from a multi-modal fusion perspective by extending the proposed IGL to the co-training framework. GCT is a semi-supervised method that exploits the unlabeled samples with two modal features to crossly strengthen the IGL classifier.