# Towards Visual-Prompt Temporal Answering Grounding in Medical Instructional Video

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.06667 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.06667/

## Key facts

- Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 67 of its 114 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 67)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.01703/) (2019)
- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.10084/) (2019)
- [Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0473/) (2014)
- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.05250/) (2016)
- [Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.07750/) (2017)
- [Deep contextualized word representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.05365/) (2018)
- [Learning to Prompt for Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.01134/) (2021)
- [Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13586/) (2021)
- [DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.03654/) (2020)
- [Conditional Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.05557/) (2022)
- [DeBERTaV3: Improving DeBERTa using ELECTRA-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding Sharing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09543/) (2021)
- [Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1408.5882/) (2014)
- [Transformers in Vision: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.01169/) (2021)
- [HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clips](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.03327/) (2019)
- [VideoBERT: A Joint Model for Video and Language Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01766/) (2019)
- [Localizing Moments in Video with Natural Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.01641/) (2017)
- [SimVLM: Simple Visual Language Model Pretraining with Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.10904/) (2021)
- [Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.07350/) (2021)
- [TALL: Temporal Activity Localization via Language Query](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.02101/) (2017)
- [DenseCLIP: Language-Guided Dense Prediction with Context-Aware Prompting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01518/) (2021)
- [End-to-End Learning of Visual Representations from Uncurated Instructional Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.06430/) (2019)
- [Pre-trained Models for Natural Language Processing: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.08271/) (2020)
- [TVQA: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.01696/) (2018)
- [Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Future](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07139/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 43)

- [Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18416/) (2024)
- [Set You Straight: Auto-Steering Denoising Trajectories to Sidestep Unwanted Concepts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.12782/) (2025)
- [Prompt Engineering for Healthcare: Methodologies and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.14670/) (2023)
- [LLaVA Steering: Visual Instruction Tuning with 500x Fewer Parameters through Modality Linear Representation-Steering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12359/) (2024)
- [SCORE: Story Coherence and Retrieval Enhancement for AI Narratives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.23512/) (2025)
- [SETransformer: A Hybrid Attention-Based Architecture for Robust Human Activity Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19369/) (2025)
- [Surgical-VQLA++: Adversarial Contrastive Learning for Calibrated Robust Visual Question-Localized Answering in Robotic Surgery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.04958/) (2024)
- [Visual Grounding of Whole Radiology Reports for 3D CT Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.04794/) (2023)
- [CRISP-SAM2: SAM2 with Cross-Modal Interaction and Semantic Prompting for Multi-Organ Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.23121/) (2025)
- [LLM-Enhanced Multimodal Fusion for Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.17966/) (2025)
- [Learning to Locate Visual Answer in Video Corpus Using Question](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.05423/) (2022)
- [PriorDrive: Enhancing Online HD Mapping with Unified Vector Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.05352/) (2024)
- [Visual Answer Localization with Cross-modal Mutual Knowledge Transfer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.14823/) (2022)
- [Large Language Models Need Holistically Thought in Medical Conversational QA](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.05410/) (2023)
- [Credit Risk Identification in Supply Chains Using Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.10348/) (2025)
- [Music Audio-Visual Question Answering Requires Specialized Multimodal Designs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20638/) (2025)
- [Learning Sparsity for Effective and Efficient Music Performance Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.01319/) (2025)
- [A Narrative Review on Large AI Models in Lung Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.07236/) (2025)
- [Free-Mask: A Novel Paradigm of Integration Between the Segmentation Diffusion Model and Image Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.01819/) (2024)
- [ClinKD: Cross-Modal Clinical Knowledge Distiller For Multi-Task Medical Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05928/) (2025)
- [VTD-CLIP: Video-to-Text Discretization via Prompting CLIP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.18407/) (2025)
- [Cognitive-Inspired Hierarchical Attention Fusion With Visual and Textual for Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.15085/) (2025)
- [Ask2Loc: Learning to Locate Instructional Visual Answers by Asking Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.15918/) (2025)
- [Efficient Temporal Consistency in Diffusion-Based Video Editing with Adaptor Modules: A Theoretical Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.16016/) (2025)
- [TRACE: Trajectory-Constrained Concept Erasure in Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.23312/) (2025)
- [Towards Answering Health-related Questions from Medical Videos: Datasets and Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.12224/) (2023)
- [VesselSAM: Leveraging SAM for Aortic Vessel Segmentation with AtrousLoRA](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.18185/) (2025)
- [TDRI: Two-Phase Dialogue Refinement and Co-Adaptation for Interactive Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.17669/) (2025)
- [Hierarchical Modeling for Medical Visual Question Answering with Cross-Attention Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.03135/) (2025)
- [MSA-UNet3+: Multi-Scale Attention UNet3+ with New Supervised Prototypical Contrastive Loss for Coronary DSA Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.05184/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The temporal answering grounding in the video (TAGV) is a new task naturally derived from temporal sentence grounding in the video (TSGV). Given an untrimmed video and a text question, this task aims at locating the matching span from the video that can semantically answer the question. Existing methods tend to formulate the TAGV task with a visual span-based question answering (QA) approach by matching the visual frame span queried by the text question. However, due to the weak correlations and huge gaps of the semantic features between the textual question and visual answer, existing methods adopting visual span predictor perform poorly in the TAGV task. To bridge these gaps, we propose a visual-prompt text span localizing (VPTSL) method, which introduces the timestamped subtitles as a passage to perform the text span localization for the input text question, and prompts the visual highlight features into the pre-trained language model (PLM) for enhancing the joint semantic representations. Specifically, the context query attention is utilized to perform cross-modal interaction between the extracted textual and visual features. Then, the highlight features are obtained through the video-text highlighting for the visual prompt. To alleviate semantic differences between textual and visual features, we design the text span predictor by encoding the question, the subtitles, and the prompted visual highlight features with the PLM. As a result, the TAGV task is formulated to predict the span of subtitles matching the visual answer. Extensive experiments on the medical instructional dataset, namely MedVidQA, show that the proposed VPTSL outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) method by 28.36% in terms of mIOU with a large margin, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed visual prompt and the text span predictor.