# Language Diversity: Visible to Humans, Exploitable by Machines

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.04723 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.04723/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 55 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [DANNet: A One-Stage Domain Adaptation Network for Unsupervised Nighttime Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10834/) (2021)
- [Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.00914/) (2018)
- [Bhasacitra: Visualising the dialect geography of South Asia](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.14082/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Using Linguistic Typology to Enrich Multilingual Lexicons: the Case of Lexical Gaps in Kinship](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.05049/) (2022)
- [Towards Bridging the Digital Language Divide](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.13405/) (2023)
- [Representing Interlingual Meaning in Lexical Databases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.09169/) (2023)
- [Lexical Diversity in Kinship Across Languages and Dialects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13056/) (2023)
- [A survey of diversity quantification in natural language processing: The why, what, where and how](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.20858/) (2025)
- [Layers of technology in pluriversal design. Decolonising language technology with the LiveLanguage initiative](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.01783/) (2024)
- [Crowdsourcing Lexical Diversity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.23133/) (2024)
- [A Diversity Diet for a Healthier Model: A Case Study of French ModernBERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.22014/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The Universal Knowledge Core (UKC) is a large multilingual lexical database with a focus on language diversity and covering over a thousand languages. The aim of the database, as well as its tools and data catalogue, is to make the somewhat abstract notion of diversity visually understandable for humans and formally exploitable by machines. The UKC website lets users explore millions of individual words and their meanings, but also phenomena of cross-lingual convergence and divergence, such as shared interlingual meanings, lexicon similarities, cognate clusters, or lexical gaps. The UKC LiveLanguage Catalogue, in turn, provides access to the underlying lexical data in a computer-processable form, ready to be reused in cross-lingual applications.