# VaccineLies: A Natural Language Resource for Learning to Recognize Misinformation about the COVID-19 and HPV Vaccines

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.09449 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.09449/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 10 of its 24 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.08746/) (2019)
- [MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.09268/) (2016)
- [Passage Re-ranking with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.04085/) (2019)
- [COVID-Twitter-BERT: A Natural Language Processing Model to Analyse COVID-19 Content on Twitter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07503/) (2020)
- [Analysing How People Orient to and Spread Rumours in Social Media by Looking at Conversational Threads](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.07487/) (2015)
- [Automatic Detection of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation with Graph Link Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02314/) (2021)
- [The University of Texas at Dallas HLTRI's Participation in EPIC-QA: Searching for Entailed Questions Revealing Novel Answer Nuggets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.13946/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.13865/) (2022)
- [MiDe22: An Annotated Multi-Event Tweet Dataset for Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.05401/) (2022)
- [MAGPIE: Multi-Task Media-Bias Analysis Generalization for Pre-Trained Identification of Expressions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.07910/) (2024)
- [Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification of Online Vaccine Concerns](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01783/) (2024)
- [COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation in Middle Income Countries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.18195/) (2023)
- [FarExStance: Explainable Stance Detection for Farsi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.14008/) (2024)
- [Health Misinformation in Social Networks: A Survey of IT Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18670/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Billions of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered, but many remain hesitant. Misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccines and other vaccines, propagating on social media, is believed to drive hesitancy towards vaccination. The ability to automatically recognize misinformation targeting vaccines on Twitter depends on the availability of data resources. In this paper we present VaccineLies, a large collection of tweets propagating misinformation about two vaccines: the COVID-19 vaccines and the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Misinformation targets are organized in vaccine-specific taxonomies, which reveal the misinformation themes and concerns. The ontological commitments of the Misinformation taxonomies provide an understanding of which misinformation themes and concerns dominate the discourse about the two vaccines covered in VaccineLies. The organization into training, testing and development sets of VaccineLies invites the development of novel supervised methods for detecting misinformation on Twitter and identifying the stance towards it. Furthermore, VaccineLies can be a stepping stone for the development of datasets focusing on misinformation targeting additional vaccines.