# MATCHA: A Fast and Energy-Efficient Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.08814 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08814/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [CipherPrune: Efficient and Scalable Private Transformer Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.16782/) (2025)
- [TFHE-Coder: Evaluating LLM-agentic Fully Homomorphic Encryption Code Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.12217/) (2025)
- [ArctyrEX : Accelerated Encrypted Execution of General-Purpose Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.11006/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus (TFHE) allows arbitrary computations to happen directly on ciphertexts using homomorphic logic gates. However, each TFHE gate on state-of-the-art hardware platforms such as GPUs and FPGAs is extremely slow (>0.2ms). Moreover, even the latest FPGA-based TFHE accelerator cannot achieve high energy efficiency, since it frequently invokes expensive double-precision floating point FFT and IFFT kernels. In this paper, we propose a fast and energy-efficient accelerator, MATCHA, to process TFHE gates. MATCHA supports aggressive bootstrapping key unrolling to accelerate TFHE gates without decryption errors by approximate multiplication-less integer FFTs and IFFTs, and a pipelined datapath. Compared to prior accelerators, MATCHA improves the TFHE gate processing throughput by 2.3×, and the throughput per Watt by 6.3×.