# Deep Recurrent Learning for Heart Sounds Segmentation based on Instantaneous Frequency Features

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11320 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11320/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 7 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Jan 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Benchmarking Deep Learning Frameworks for Automated Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Comprehensive Approach to Classification and Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10975/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this work, a novel stack of well-known technologies is presented to determine an automatic method to segment the heart sounds in a phonocardiogram (PCG). We will show a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) capable of segmenting a PCG into its main components and a very specific way of extracting instantaneous frequency that will play an important role in the training and testing of the proposed model. More specifically, it involves a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network accompanied by the Fourier Synchrosqueezed Transform (FSST) used to extract instantaneous time-frequency features from a PCG. The present approach was tested on heart sound signals longer than 5 seconds and shorter than 35 seconds from freely-available databases. This approach proved that, with a relatively small architecture, a small set of data, and the right features, this method achieved an almost state-of-the-art performance, showing an average sensitivity of 89.5%, an average positive predictive value of 89.3% and an average accuracy of 91.3%.