# Beyond chord vocabularies: Exploiting pitch-relationships in a chord estimation metric

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05244 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.05244/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 Jan 2022.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Training chord recognition models on artificially generated audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.05878/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Chord estimation metrics treat chord labels as independent of one another. This fails to represent the pitch relationships between the chords in a meaningful way, resulting in evaluations that must make compromises with complex chord vocabularies and that often require time-consuming qualitative analyses to determine details about how a chord estimation algorithm performs. This paper presents an accuracy metric for chord estimation that compares the pitch content of the estimated chords against the ground truth that captures both the correct notes that are estimated and additional notes that are inserted into the estimate. This is not a stand-alone evaluation protocol but rather a metric that can be integrated as a weighting into existing evaluation approaches.