# MobileFaceSwap: A Lightweight Framework for Video Face Swapping

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.03808 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03808/

## Key facts

- Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 25 of its 35 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.02531/) (2015)
- [Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04958/) (2019)
- [Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10196/) (2017)
- [Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.08155/) (2016)
- [Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02357/) (2016)
- [Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06868/) (2017)
- [Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.07291/) (2019)
- [FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.08971/) (2019)
- [CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.09414/) (2018)
- [VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and age](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.08092/) (2017)
- [BiSeNet: Bilateral Segmentation Network for Real-time Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.00897/) (2018)
- [FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.05932/) (2019)
- [Dynamic Filter Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.09673/) (2016)
- [SimSwap: An Efficient Framework For High Fidelity Face Swapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06340/) (2021)
- [Meta-SR: A Magnification-Arbitrary Network for Super-Resolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.00875/) (2019)
- [Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation Without Keypoints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.00925/) (2017)
- [Learning to Predict Layout-to-image Conditional Convolutions for Semantic Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.06809/) (2019)
- [HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09965/) (2021)
- [On Face Segmentation, Face Swapping, and Face Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.06729/) (2017)
- [Private Model Compression via Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.05072/) (2018)
- [Teachers Do More Than Teach: Compressing Image-to-Image Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.03467/) (2021)
- [FaceController: Controllable Attribute Editing for Face in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.11464/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 39)

- [CelebV-HQ: A Large-Scale Video Facial Attributes Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.12393/) (2022)
- [DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.13495/) (2024)
- [AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.08317/) (2023)
- [Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12970/) (2024)
- [Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.17052/) (2024)
- [SepMark: Deep Separable Watermarking for Unified Source Tracing and Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06321/) (2023)
- [StyleSwap: Style-Based Generator Empowers Robust Face Swapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.13514/) (2022)
- [Few-Shot Head Swapping in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13100/) (2022)
- [Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.18015/) (2025)
- [An Analysis of Recent Advances in Deepfake Image Detection in an Evolving Threat Landscape](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.16212/) (2024)
- [ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03284/) (2024)
- [Reinforced Disentanglement for Face Swapping without Skip Connection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.07928/) (2023)
- [HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18293/) (2024)
- [Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01184/) (2025)
- [ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05356/) (2023)
- [Guard Me If You Know Me: Protecting Specific Face-Identity from Deepfakes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19582/) (2025)
- [Deep Learning Approaches for Seizure Video Analysis: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.10930/) (2023)
- [MyTimeMachine: Personalized Facial Age Transformation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14521/) (2024)
- [Open-World Deepfake Attribution via Confidence-Aware Asymmetric Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.12667/) (2025)
- [Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.01101/) (2024)
- [Towards Generalized Proactive Defense against Face Swapping with Contour-Hybrid Watermark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19081/) (2025)
- [Shaking the Fake: Detecting Deepfake Videos in Real Time via Active Probes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.10889/) (2024)
- [MFFI: Multi-Dimensional Face Forgery Image Dataset for Real-World Scenarios](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.05592/) (2025)
- [Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.05667/) (2022)
- [Towards Interactive Deepfake Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01164/) (2025)
- [Big Brother is Watching: Proactive Deepfake Detection via Learnable Hidden Face](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.11309/) (2025)
- [LDFaceNet: Latent Diffusion-based Network for High-Fidelity Deepfake Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.02078/) (2024)
- [Facial Expression Recognition with Controlled Privacy Preservation and Feature Compensation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.00277/) (2024)
- [De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.03334/) (2025)
- [Human-AI Ensembles Improve Deepfake Detection in Low-to-Medium Quality Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.14658/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Advanced face swapping methods have achieved appealing results. However, most of these methods have many parameters and computations, which makes it challenging to apply them in real-time applications or deploy them on edge devices like mobile phones. In this work, we propose a lightweight Identity-aware Dynamic Network (IDN) for subject-agnostic face swapping by dynamically adjusting the model parameters according to the identity information. In particular, we design an efficient Identity Injection Module (IIM) by introducing two dynamic neural network techniques, including the weights prediction and weights modulation. Once the IDN is updated, it can be applied to swap faces given any target image or video. The presented IDN contains only 0.50M parameters and needs 0.33G FLOPs per frame, making it capable for real-time video face swapping on mobile phones. In addition, we introduce a knowledge distillation-based method for stable training, and a loss reweighting module is employed to obtain better synthesized results. Finally, our method achieves comparable results with the teacher models and other state-of-the-art methods.