# Semantically Grounded Visual Embeddings for Zero-Shot Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.00577 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.00577/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 36 of its 57 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Jan 2022.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 36)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.0312/) (2014)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1310.4546/) (2013)
- [Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.07332/) (2016)
- [VQA: Visual Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.00468/) (2015)
- [ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.02265/) (2019)
- [LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07490/) (2019)
- [Flickr30k Entities: Collecting Region-to-Phrase Correspondences for Richer Image-to-Sentence Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04870/) (2015)
- [VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.03557/) (2019)
- [Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.09406/) (2017)
- [Zero-Shot Learning -- A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.00600/) (2017)
- [Feature Generating Networks for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.00981/) (2017)
- [Generalized Zero- and Few-Shot Learning via Aligned Variational Autoencoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01784/) (2018)
- [Learning Deep Representations of Fine-grained Visual Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.05395/) (2016)
- [Evaluation of Output Embeddings for Fine-Grained Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.8403/) (2014)
- [f-VAEGAN-D2: A Feature Generating Framework for Any-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.10132/) (2019)
- [Learning Deep Structure-Preserving Image-Text Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.06078/) (2015)
- [ImageBERT: Cross-modal Pre-training with Large-scale Weak-supervised Image-Text Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07966/) (2020)
- [Semantic Autoencoder for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.08345/) (2017)
- [Latent Embeddings for Zero-shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.08895/) (2016)
- [Synthesized Classifiers for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.00550/) (2016)
- [Multi-modal Cycle-consistent Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.00136/) (2018)
- [Episode-based Prototype Generating Network for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.03360/) (2019)
- [Transferable Contrastive Network for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.05832/) (2019)
- [Generative Dual Adversarial Network for Generalized Zero-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.04857/) (2018)
- [Transductive Unbiased Embedding for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.11320/) (2018)
- [A Simple Exponential Family Framework for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.08040/) (2017)
- [Learning Feature-to-Feature Translator by Alternating Back-Propagation for Generative Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.10056/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [DUET: Cross-modal Semantic Grounding for Contrastive Zero-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.01328/) (2022)
- [Single-branch Network for Multimodal Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.06129/) (2023)
- [ZeroDDI: A Zero-Shot Drug-Drug Interaction Event Prediction Method with Semantic Enhanced Learning and Dual-Modal Uniform Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00891/) (2024)
- [SMETA-ZSL:Semantic Meta-Alignment for Zero-Shot Threat Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.09936/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Zero-shot learning methods rely on fixed visual and semantic embeddings, extracted from independent vision and language models, both pre-trained for other large-scale tasks. This is a weakness of current zero-shot learning frameworks as such disjoint embeddings fail to adequately associate visual and textual information to their shared semantic content. Therefore, we propose to learn semantically grounded and enriched visual information by computing a joint image and text model with a two-stream network on a proxy task. To improve this alignment between image and textual representations, provided by attributes, we leverage ancillary captions to provide grounded semantic information. Our method, dubbed joint embeddings for zero-shot learning is evaluated on several benchmark datasets, improving the performance of existing state-of-the-art methods in both standard (+1.6% on aPY, +2.6% on FLO) and generalized (+2.1% on AWA2, +2.2% on CUB) zero-shot recognition.