# Chimpanzee voice prints? Insights from transfer learning experiments from human voices

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08165 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.08165/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [An Empirical Evaluation of Generic Convolutional and Recurrent Networks for Sequence Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.01271/) (2018)
- [PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.10211/) (2019)
- [Mockingjay: Unsupervised Speech Representation Learning with Deep Bidirectional Transformer Encoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.12638/) (2019)
- [Towards Learning a Universal Non-Semantic Representation of Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.12764/) (2020)
- [LEAF: A Learnable Frontend for Audio Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.08596/) (2021)
- [Choice of Mel Filter Bank in Computing MFCC of a Resampled Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1410.6903/) (2014)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Reducing Intraspecies and Interspecies Covariate Shift in Traumatic Brain Injury EEG of Humans and Mice Using Transfer Euclidean Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02398/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Individual vocal differences are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. In humans, these differences pervade the entire vocal repertoire and constitute a "voice print". Apes, our closest-living relatives, possess individual signatures within specific call types, but the potential for a unique voice print has been little investigated. This is partially attributed to the limitations associated with extracting meaningful features from small data sets. Advances in machine learning have highlighted an alternative to traditional acoustic features, namely pre-trained learnt extractors. Here, we present an approach building on these developments: leveraging a feature extractor based on a deep neural network trained on over 10,000 human voice prints to provide an informative space over which we identify chimpanzee voice prints. We compare our results with those obtained by using traditional acoustic features and discuss the benefits of our methodology and the significance of our findings for the identification of "voice prints" in non-human animals.