# Visualizing Ensemble Predictions of Music Mood

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.07627 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.07627/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 114 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Music Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.04243/) (2016)
- [Deep Forest](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.08835/) (2017)
- [Large-Scale MIDI-based Composer Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.14805/) (2020)
- [What May Visualization Processes Optimize?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02245/) (2015)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Generative AI for Visualization: State of the Art and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18144/) (2024)
- [iGAiVA: Integrated Generative AI and Visual Analytics in a Machine Learning Workflow for Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.15848/) (2024)
- [TA3: Testing Against Adversarial Attacks on Machine Learning Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05334/) (2024)
- [VAR: Visual Analysis for Rashomon Set of Machine Learning Models' Performance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.22556/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Music mood classification has been a challenging problem in comparison with other music classification problems (e.g., genre, composer, or period). One solution for addressing this challenge is to use an ensemble of machine learning models. In this paper, we show that visualization techniques can effectively convey the popular prediction as well as uncertainty at different music sections along the temporal axis while enabling the analysis of individual ML models in conjunction with their application to different musical data. In addition to the traditional visual designs, such as stacked line graph, ThemeRiver, and pixel-based visualization, we introduce a new variant of ThemeRiver, called "dual-flux ThemeRiver", which allows viewers to observe and measure the most popular prediction more easily than stacked line graph and ThemeRiver. Together with pixel-based visualization, dual-flux ThemeRiver plots can also assist in model-development workflows, in addition to annotating music using ensemble model predictions.