# Multi-Agent Intention Sharing via Leader-Follower Forest

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01078 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01078/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 2 Dec 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Fully Independent Communication in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.15059/) (2024)
- [Communicating Plans, Not Percepts: Scalable Multi-Agent Coordination with Embodied World Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02912/) (2025)
- [Robust and Efficient Communication for Multi-Agent Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.15361/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Intention sharing is crucial for efficient cooperation under partially observable environments in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, message deceiving, i.e., a mismatch between the propagated intentions and the final decisions, may happen when agents change strategies simultaneously according to received intentions. Message deceiving leads to potential miscoordination and difficulty for policy learning. This paper proposes the leader-follower forest (LFF) to learn the hierarchical relationship between agents based on interdependencies, achieving one-sided intention sharing in multi-agent communication. By limiting the flowings of intentions through directed edges, intention sharing via LFF (IS-LFF) can eliminate message deceiving effectively and achieve better coordination. In addition, a twostage learning algorithm is proposed to train the forest and the agent network. We evaluate IS-LFF on multiple partially observable MARL benchmarks, and the experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art communication algorithms.