# Weakly-supervised fire segmentation by visualizing intermediate CNN layers

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.08401 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.08401/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 18 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Nov 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 18 of 18)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.4038/) (2014)
- [DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.00915/) (2016)
- [Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.02611/) (2018)
- [Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.04150/) (2015)
- [Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.05587/) (2017)
- [FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07685/) (2020)
- [Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.06653/) (2018)
- [Regularization With Stochastic Transformations and Perturbations for Deep Semi-Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.04586/) (2016)
- [Object Region Mining with Adversarial Erasing: A Simple Classification to Semantic Segmentation Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.08448/) (2017)
- [Weakly- and Semi-Supervised Learning of a DCNN for Semantic Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.02734/) (2015)
- [Revisiting Dilated Convolution: A Simple Approach for Weakly- and Semi- Supervised Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.04574/) (2018)
- [Transformation Consistent Self-ensembling Model for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.00348/) (2019)
- [Evaluating Weakly Supervised Object Localization Methods Right](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07437/) (2020)
- [Learning random-walk label propagation for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.00470/) (2018)
- [Constrained Convolutional Neural Networks for Weakly Supervised Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.03648/) (2015)
- [Incorporating Network Built-in Priors in Weakly-supervised Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02189/) (2017)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Fire localization in images and videos is an important step for an autonomous system to combat fire incidents. State-of-art image segmentation methods based on deep neural networks require a large number of pixel-annotated samples to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in a fully-supervised manner. In this paper, we consider weakly supervised segmentation of fire in images, in which only image labels are used to train the network. We show that in the case of fire segmentation, which is a binary segmentation problem, the mean value of features in a mid-layer of classification CNN can perform better than conventional Class Activation Mapping (CAM) method. We also propose to further improve the segmentation accuracy by adding a rotation equivariant regularization loss on the features of the last convolutional layer. Our results show noticeable improvements over baseline method for weakly-supervised fire segmentation.