# Cross-Lingual Citations in English Papers: A Large-Scale Analysis of Prevalence, Usage, and Impact

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.05097 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.05097/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 15 of its 53 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.10676/) (2019)
- [SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.07180/) (2020)
- [Structural Scaffolds for Citation Intent Classification in Scientific Publications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01608/) (2019)
- [Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.02262/) (2018)
- [Automatic Language Identification in Texts: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.08186/) (2018)
- [Citation Recommendation: Approaches and Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.06961/) (2020)
- [MultiCite: Modeling realistic citations requires moving beyond the single-sentence single-label setting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00414/) (2021)
- [Scientific Article Summarization Using Citation-Context and Article's Discourse Structure](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.06619/) (2017)
- [ImpactCite: An XLNet-based method for Citation Impact Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.06611/) (2020)
- [Understanding Editing Behaviors in Multilingual Wikipedia](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1508.07266/) (2015)
- [Cross-language Citation Recommendation via Hierarchical Representation Learning on Heterogeneous Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11709/) (2018)
- [Linguistic neighbourhoods: explaining cultural borders on Wikipedia through multilingual co-editing activity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.04225/) (2016)
- [Non-English language publications in Citation Indexes -- quantity and quality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.06499/) (2019)
- [Trends in Russian research output indexed in Scopus and Web of Science](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.02434/) (2018)
- [Does the Web of Science Accurately Represent Chinese Scientific Performance?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.03620/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [unarXive 2022: All arXiv Publications Pre-Processed for NLP, Including Structured Full-Text and Citation Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14957/) (2023)
- [Biases in Scholarly Recommender Systems: Impact, Prevalence, and Mitigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.07483/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Citation information in scholarly data is an important source of insight into the reception of publications and the scholarly discourse. Outcomes of citation analyses and the applicability of citation based machine learning approaches heavily depend on the completeness of such data. One particular shortcoming of scholarly data nowadays is that non-English publications are often not included in data sets, or that language metadata is not available. Because of this, citations between publications of differing languages (cross-lingual citations) have only been studied to a very limited degree. In this paper, we present an analysis of cross-lingual citations based on over one million English papers, spanning three scientific disciplines and a time span of three decades. Our investigation covers differences between cited languages and disciplines, trends over time, and the usage characteristics as well as impact of cross-lingual citations. Among our findings are an increasing rate of citations to publications written in Chinese, citations being primarily to local non-English languages, and consistency in citation intent between cross- and monolingual citations. To facilitate further research, we make our collected data and source code publicly available.