# Universal Path Gain Laws for Common Wireless Communication Environments

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01758 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.01758/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [KODAMA: Multimodal Digital Twin Reconstruction for Urban RF Propagation Modelling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.07298/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Simple and accurate expressions for path gain are derived from electromagnetic fundamentals in a wide variety of common environments, including Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) indoor urban canyons, urban/rural macro, outdoor-indoor and suburban streets with vegetation. Penetration into a scattering region, sometimes aided by guiding, is the "universal" phenomenon shared by the diverse morphologies. Root Mean Square (RMS) errors against extensive measurements are under 5 dB, better than 3GPP models by 1-12 dB RMS, depending on environment. In urban canyons the models have 4.7 dB RMS error, as compared to 7.9 dB from linear fit to data and 13.9/17.2 dB from LOS/NLOS 3GPP models. The theoretical path gains depend on distance as a power law with exponents from a small set {1.5, 2, 2.5, 4}, specific to each morphology. This provides a theoretical justification for widely used power law empirical models. Only coarse environmental data is needed as parameters: street width, building height, vegetation depth, wall material and antenna heights.