# Estimating Total Lung Volume from Pixel-level Thickness Maps of Chest Radiographs Using Deep Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12509 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.12509/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 37 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Maps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1312.6034/) (2013)
- [TorchEsegeta: Framework for Interpretability and Explainability of Image-based Deep Learning Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.08429/) (2021)
- [Automated Estimation of Total Lung Volume using Chest Radiographs and Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01181/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Purpose: To estimate the total lung volume (TLV) from real and synthetic frontal chest radiographs (CXR) on a pixel level using lung thickness maps generated by a U-Net deep learning model. Methods: This retrospective study included 5,959 chest CT scans from two public datasets: the lung nodule analysis 2016 (n=656) and the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) pulmonary embolism detection challenge 2020 (n=5,303). Additionally, 72 participants were selected from the Klinikum Rechts der Isar dataset (October 2018 to December 2019), each with a corresponding chest radiograph taken within seven days. Synthetic radiographs and lung thickness maps were generated using forward projection of CT scans and their lung segmentations. A U-Net model was trained on synthetic radiographs to predict lung thickness maps and estimate TLV. Model performance was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and two-sided Student's t-distribution. Results: The study included 72 participants (45 male, 27 female, 33 healthy: mean age 62 years [range 34-80]; 39 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mean age 69 years [range 47-91]). TLV predictions showed low error rates (MSEPublic-Synthetic=0.16 L2, MSEKRI-Synthetic=0.20 L2, MSEKRI-Real=0.35 L2) and strong correlations with CT-derived reference standard TLV (nPublic-Synthetic=1,191, r=0.99, P<0.001; nKRI-Synthetic=72, r=0.97, P<0.001; nKRI-Real=72, r=0.91, P<0.001). The Luna16 test data demonstrated the highest performance, with the lowest mean squared error (MSE = 0.09 L2) and strongest correlation (r = 0.99, P <0.001) for TLV estimation. Conclusion: The U-Net-generated pixel-level lung thickness maps successfully estimated TLV for both synthetic and real radiographs.